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ZECHARIAH 11

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

READING CYCLE THREE (see "Bible Interpretation Seminar")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects (reading cycle #3). Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author's intent, which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

TEXTUAL INSIGHTS

1. This chapter, as others in this section (Zechariah 9-14), is very difficult to interpret because of the ambiguity of the historical setting and the literary genre.
   
   
2. Each of these chapters contains material used in the Gospels to describe the life of Jesus. However, the original setting can be
   1. pre-exilic
   2. post-exilic
   3. interbiblical
   4. Jesus' day
   5. eschatological
   Possibly the ambiguity is purposeful to allow the prophecy to show YHWH's faithfulness and His people's faithlessness throughout history. If victory comes it will come from YHWH's gracious character and redemptive purpose brought about through a wounded shepherd (the Messiah, cf. chapters 12 and 13).
   SPECIAL TOPIC: A SUFFERING MESSIAH
   SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN
   
   
3. The context of chapter 11 is obviously the rejection of a godly leader and his replacement by wicked leadership. Jesus saw Himself as both the wounded Shepherd (cf. Mark 8:32-33; 9:32-34; 10:35-37) and the Good Shepherd (cf. John 10).
   
   
4. Zechariah 11:1-3 is in poetic form (as is Zech. 11:17, JPSOA). Some see it relating to chapter 10 concerning the judgment of the surrounding nations (which is also in poetic form, i.e., Zech. 11:2-12), while others relate it to chapter 11 and the appropriate judgment on God's people.
   SPECIAL TOPIC: HEBREW POETRY
   
   
5. Some possible theories about the historical setting of Zech. 11:8.
   1. early date, Targums ‒ Moses, Aaron, Miriam
   2. pre-exilic, last three kings of Judah ‒ Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin, Zedekiah
   3. post-exilic
   4. interbiblical
      1. three high priests of Seleucid period ‒ Jason, Menelaus, Lysimachus
      2. three kings of Seleucid empire ‒ Seleucus IV, Heliodorus, Demetrius
      3. Jesus' day (A.D. 70), Jewish conspirators in the temple during Jewish revolt ‒ Eleazar, John, Simon
   5. after Jesus' day, Roman Caesars
   6. end-time? (possibly related to Antichrist in Dan. 7:8)
   7. in context these are possibly the three types of leaders:
      1. prophets
      2. priests
      3. civil leaders/kings

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ZECHARIAH 11:1-3
 ¹Open your doors, O Lebanon,
 That a fire may feed on your cedars.
 ²Wail, O cypress, for the cedar has fallen,
 Because the glorious trees have been destroyed;
 Wail, O oaks of Bashan,
 For the impenetrable forest has come down.
 ³There is a sound of the shepherds' wail,
 For their glory is ruined;
 There is a sound of the young lions' roar,
 For the pride of the Jordan is ruined.

11:1 "Open your doors" This (BDB 834 I, KB 986) Qal IMPERATIVE is imagery for surrender. Zechariah 11:1-3 forms a literary unit. This poem could relate to

1. chapters 9 and 10, the judgment of YHWH on the surrounding nations
2. the rest of chapter 11, the judgment of YHWH on His own people

This idiomatic phrase (cf. Isa. 45:1) is a way of personifying the nation of Phoenicia (cf. Zech. 9:3-4). It depicts the military defeat of Phoenicia (Lebanon).

▣ "Lebanon" Lebanon was proverbial for its wealth and power. This poem uses the analogies of certain well-known trees (cedars, cypress, and oak; see UBS' Fauna and Flora of the Bible) and their destruction to describe the judgment of YHWH.

SPECIAL TOPIC: TREES

▣ "a fire may feed on your cedars" The VERB (BDB 37, KB 46, Qal IMPERFECT used as a JUSSIVE) is either an emphasis on YHWH's judgment or an invasion from the north (possibly by YHWH, cf. chapter 9).

SPECIAL TOPIC: FIRE

11:2 "Wail" There are two Hiphil IMPERATIVES (Zech. 11:2a,c). This term (BDB 410, KB 413) is used for

1. judgment on YHWH's people (cf. Hosea 7:14; Micah 1:8; Zeph. 1:11)
2. YHWH's judgment on the surrounding nations (cf. Isa. 13:6; 16:7; 23:1,6,14; 52:5; Jer. 48:39; 49:3)

▣ "cypress" The tree (BDB 141) may be a juniper (NIDOTTE, vol. 1, p. 741), which was the major source of lumber in Lebanon. It was an evergreen used in the construction of Solomon's temple.

1. floors, 1 Kgs. 6:15
2. doors, 1 Kgs. 6:34
3. panels for the hall, 2 Chr. 3:5

The NOUN (BDB 12) means "glory" or "magnificence." It is also used in Zech. 11:13 in a sarcastic sense. Here it may refer to leaders, symbolized as mighty, beautiful trees.

The VERB (BDB 994, KB 1418, Pual PERFECT) means "to despoil," "devastate," or "ruin." It can refer to

1. cities, Isa. 15:1; 23:1; Jer. 48:1; 49:3
2. nations, Jer. 4:20; 9:18; 48:15,20
3. houses, Jer. 4:20; 10:20
4. trees, Zech. 11:2

▣ "O oaks of Bashan" Bashan, in the transJordan area, part of Gilead (cf. Zech. 10:10), was mostly a pasture land, but it was dotted with groups of beautiful trees. Its name (BDB 143) means "smooth" (i.e., fertile) land.

The MT has "vintage" (BDB 131, KB 147 I). BDB suggests it is an agricultural simile similar to Lev. 26:5; Isa. 24:13; 32:10; Jer. 48:32; Micah 7:1.

However, the Hebrew root "vintage" (בציר, DSS) is similar to

1. fortress ‒ בצרין (cf. Zech. 9:12)
2. inaccessible ‒ בצר (BDB 130, KB 147 II, NIDOTTE, vol. 1, p. 697)

The destruction of a forest is used in the OT to symbolize the fall of nations and governments.

11:3 "shepherds' wail" The imagery has changed from

1. a burning gate
2. a cut down forest
3. a shepherd's weeping over the loss of a pasture land
4. it will change again in the last of Zech. 11:3 to young lions' roaring because their natural habitat (i.e., "pride") is destroyed

Possibly this poem is an allusion to the fable of Jer. 25:34-38.

▣ "the pride of the Jordan is ruined" This refers to the flood plain of the Jordan, which was a dense undergrowth (cf. Jer. 12:5; 49:19; 50:49), but is now destroyed and, therefore, no hiding place for the lions.

SPECIAL TOPIC: LIONS

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ZECHARIAH 11:4-6
 ⁴Thus says the Lord my God, "Pasture the flock doomed to slaughter. ⁵Those who buy them slay them and go unpunished, and each of those who sell them says, ‘Blessed be the Lord, for I have become rich!' And their own shepherds have no pity on them. ⁶For I will no longer have pity on the inhabitants of the land," declares the Lord; "but behold, I will cause the men to fall, each into another's power and into the power of his king; and they will strike the land, and I will not deliver them from their power."

11:4-14 This section deals with two kinds of shepherds (i.e., leaders), the coming of a godly ruler who is rejected and replaced by wicked rulers (cf. Zech. 11:4-6 and 15-17). Zechariah 11:7-14 refer to the good shepherd, the Messiah (YHWH's personal representative). Jesus picked up on this theme in His discourse on He, Himself being the Good Shepherd in John 10.

11:4 "Pasture the flock doomed to slaughter" "Pasture" (BDB 944 I, KB 1258, Qal PARTICIPLE, i.e., "shepherd") denotes the rule of a king. "The flock" seems to refer to YHWH's people (cf. Zech. 11:6; Ps. 44:22; Jer. 12:1-3). This phrase does not imply that these are faithful to YHWH, but that they are exploited by their own leaders or foreigners (same ambiguity as Zech. 10:3a-b).

11:5 "Those who buy them slay them" A Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE (BDB 888, KB 1111) is followed by a Qal IMPERFECT (BDB 246, KB 255). This is the allusion of the new owners of the sheep who use them for food (not wool). This may typify careless and uncompassionate acts of merchants or governmental leaders (cf. Zech. 10:3).

▣ "Blessed be the Lord, for I have become rich" This seems to be a sarcastic comment by Jewish leaders praising God for their ill-gotten gain from the exploitation of the poor and under privileged. Deuteronomy 27-29 was often interpreted in such a way that wealth equaled YHWH's blessing!

SPECIAL TOPIC: WEALTH

▣ "their own shepherds have no pity on them" Here shepherds means leaders. That which characterizes Israel's covenant God (compassion) does not characterize these Jewish leaders.

11:6 "For I will no longer have pity on the inhabitants of the land" This language is similar to Hosea 1:6-9; 2:1-23. Hosea was told to live his life (i.e., marry a prostitute) in order to model YHWH's love for faithless Israel. Zechariah, or the future Messiah, is also modeling YHWH's attitudes! Jewish leaders were meant to model YHWH's character and leadership. They were "under-shepherds."

▣ "I will cause" Notice another characteristic of apocalyptic literature is the "God is totally sovereign" motif ("I will" three times). Notice chapters 9 and 10 and especially Ezek. 36:22-36.

SPECIAL TOPIC: APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE

The MT has "each man into the hand of his friend." The Hebrew root has several possibilities.

1. friend (MT) ‒ רעהו, BDB 945 II
2. shepherd (REB) ‒ מרעית, BDB 945
3. friend/neighbor ‒ רעה, BDB 946

The Rotherham Emphasized Bible, p. 909, c., says "merely changing the vowels, the Heb. may be rendered 'his shepherd.'" If so, then "shepherd" would be paralled to "king."

SPECIAL TOPIC: HAND

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ZECHARIAH 11:7-14
 ⁷So I pastured the flock doomed to slaughter, hence the afflicted of the flock. And I took for myself two staffs: the one I called Favor and the other I called Union; so I pastured the flock. ⁸Then I annihilated the three shepherds in one month, for my soul was impatient with them, and their soul also was weary of me. ⁹Then I said, "I will not pasture you. What is to die, let it die, and what is to be annihilated, let it be annihilated; and let those who are left eat one another's flesh." ¹⁰I took my staff Favor and cut it in pieces, to break my covenant which I had made with all the peoples. ¹¹So it was broken on that day, and thus the afflicted of the flock who were watching me realized that it was the word of the Lord. ¹²I said to them, "If it is good in your sight, give me my wages; but if not, never mind!" So they weighed out thirty shekels of silver as my wages. ¹³Then the Lord said to me, "Throw it to the potter, that magnificent price at which I was valued by them." So I took the thirty shekels of silver and threw them to the potter in the house of the Lord. ¹⁴Then I cut in pieces my second staff Union, to break the brotherhood between Judah and Israel.

11:7 "I" The "I" of Zech. 11:6 (as Zech. 11:16) referred to YHWH, so too, Zech. 11:7-11, 12-14. It is possible that Zechariah speaks and acts for YHWH or that the Messiah speaks and acts for YHWH. The NIV footnote says, "Zechariah, as a type (foreshadowing) of the Messianic Shepherd-King" (p. 1418). This is the fluidity in apocalyptic prophecy, which makes it so difficult to be specific.

The ADJECTIVE (BDB 776) can mean "afflicted," "poor," or "humble." It is often used of the faithful being persecuted by wicked Jews or pagan nations (cf. Isa. 14:32; 51:21; 54:11; Hab. 3:14; Zeph. 3:12-13).

It is obvious, however, that the NRSV, TEV, REB, and NJB are following the Septuagint's understanding of combining the terms (BDB 485 and 776) into one Hebrew word "merchants" (לכנעניי, i.e., Canaanite, BDB 488 I, cf. 14:21). The UBS Text Project, p. 417, gives this possibility a "C" rating (considerable doubt). The same is true of v. 11.

SPECIAL TOPIC: SEPTUAGINT

▣ "And I took for my two staffs. . .Favor. . .Union" From Ps. 23:4 we learn that shepherds usually carry one large, crooked-necked staff to control the sheep, and one war club in their belt to fight off predators. Here, the shepherd obviously carried two large, crooked-necked staffs (BDB 596). One is called "pleasantness" (BDB 653), while the other one is called "union" or "binding cords" (BDB 287; NIDOTTE, vol 2, p. 15). These staffs stand for YHWH's attempt to reunite Israel and Judah (cf. Zech. 11:14; 9:13; 10:6).

11:8 "I annihilated the three shepherds in one month" The term "annihilate" (BDB 470, KB 469, Hiphil IMPERFECT with waw) means "to totally destroy" (cf. Exod. 23:23; 1 Kgs. 13:34; 2 Chr. 32:21; Ps. 83:4). The Niphal is used in Zech. 11:9 and 16 with the same meaning. The UBS, Handbook, says it can mean "deposed" or "dismissed," as well as "disposed of" (p. 291).

There are over forty current theories as to the historical application of this verse, none of which literally occur in one month. The commentator's presupposition is often superimposed on this chapter to find an allusion to history. See the Contextual Insights at the beginning of this chapter for the current theories. Interpreters must remember this is apocalyptic language, not historical narrative. See D. Brent Sandy, Plowshares and Pruning Hooks: Rethinking the Language of Biblical Prophecy and Apocalyptic.

The JPSOA, in a footnote, suggests an emendation, "a third of the flock." This makes sense of the context and v. 9. If this is accurate, all of the supposed theories relating to "three" people would be inaccurate. The question is, Does this context speak of YHWH rejecting

1. the faithless leaders
2. the faithless followers
3. both?

▣ "for my soul was impatient with them, and their soul was weary of me" There are several theories about the PRONOUN'S antecedents. This shows the attitude of the godly shepherd (i.e., "impatient" BDB 894, KB 1126, Qal IMPERFECT with waw, cf. Num. 21:4; Jdgs. 10:26; Job 21:4) because of the rebellious attitude of the people (i.e., the sheep of Zech. 11:9).

"Weary" (BDB 103, KB 119, Qal PERFECT) may mean

1. "nauseated," "loathed" (but there are no cognates)
2. this shows the godly shepherd's attitude toward the three shepherds (NRSV)
3. this shows the godly shepherd's attitude toward the sheep merchants (cf. Zech. 11:7,11)

For "soul" (nephesh) see note at Ezek. 18:4 online.

SPECIAL TOPIC: NEPHESH

11:9 "I will not pasture you" Most English translations see the "you" as referring to the sheep. However, the UBS, Handbook, points out that the PRONOUN is MASCULINE, not FEMININE (pp. 292-293). It can mean "pasture for you," which would make it refer to the "sheep merchants" of Zech. 11:7,11.

▣ "What is to die, let it die" The first VERB (BDB 559, KB 562, Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE, FEMININE, SINGULAR) obviously refers to the sheep. The second is a Qal IMPERFECT used in a JUSSIVE sense. The sheep are going to die. Their sins have found them out (similar to Rom. 1:24,26,28).

▣ "eat one another's flesh" This (BDB 37, KB 46) is another Qal IMPERFECT used in a JUSSIVE sense. It does not reflect YHWH's view on cannibalism, but it develops the imagery from Zech. 11:4-5. This is part of the "sheep" and "slay" terminology.

11:10 "my staff. . .Favor. . .to break my covenant which I had made with all the peoples" The symbolic destruction of the staff "Favor" shows that YHWH's attitude toward His covenant with the seed of Abraham was broken, annulled, rescinded!

The VERB "break" (BDB 154, KB 180; NIDOTTE, vol. 1, p. 828) has a violent connotation (cf. Isa. 10:33) of something being "cut off" or "sawed off." It is used in the Piel for the destruction of Canaanite fertility objects (cf. Deut. 7:5; 12:3; 2 Chr. 14:3; 31:1; 34:4,7). See SPECIAL TOPIC: ISRAEL'S MANDATED RESPONSE TO CANAANITE FERTILITY WORSHIP

The very concept of YHWH breaking His eternal covenant (cf. Isa. 24:5) with the descendants of Abraham was shocking, but notice Jer. 14:21 and Ezek. 16:59 (see NIDOTTE, vol. 3, p. 697, #6).
SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT PROMISES TO THE PATRIARCHS
SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT REQUIREMENTS OF ISRAEL
SPECIAL TOPIC: CONSEQUENCES OF IDOLATRY
SPECIAL TOPIC: KEEP
SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT

The phrase "all the people" (CONSTRUCT BDB 481 plus 766 I) seems to imply the universal element (cf. Zech. 8:20-23; 9:7), but this does not fit the context (cf. v. 14).

11:11 "So it was broken on that day" The real interpretive question is does this refer to

1. the past acts of YHWH
2. the future acts of the Messiah
3. a typology of YHWH's leaders?

This refers to the staff "Favor," but it also refers to the breaking (BDB 830 I, KB 974, Hophal IMPERFECT with waw) of YHWH's covenant, either with the surrounding nations or with the Jewish people. This is shocking! The faithful God knowingly turns from His promises and covenant (cf. Jdgs. 2:1) because of the people's continued unfaithfulness (cf. Jer. 14:19-22). The Mosaic covenant was conditional (cf. Lev. 26:40-45)!

SPECIAL TOPIC: KEEP

SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT

SPECIAL TOPIC: CONSEQUENCES OF IDOLATRY

▣ "the afflicted of the flock who were watching me realized it was the word of the Lord" The "afflicted of the flock" refers to the sheep merchants (cf. NRSV, TEV, NJB). See full note at Zech. 11:7. The good shepherd's actions were recognized as being directed by YHWH. He was actively involved in this process of judging:

1. the sheep
2. the three shepherds
3. the sheep merchants

11:12 "give me my wages" This refers to the prophet asking (BDB 396, KB 393, Qal IMPERATIVE) for payment for his services (i.e., "wages," BDB 969 I) from the owners of the flock. This verse is used in Matt. 26:15 to refer to Judas Iscariot's betrayal of Jesus to the High Priests.

▣ "weighed out thirty shekels of silver as my wages" The term "shekels" is in italics, which means that it is not in the original text. In the Mosaic legislation this was the price of a gored slave (cf. Exod. 21:32).  This is used of typological prophecy of Judas in Matt. 26:15; 27:9,10.

SPECIAL TOPIC: TYPOLOGY

11:13 "the Lord said to me, 'Throw it to the potter'" The VERB "throw" (BDB 1020, KB 1527) is a Hiphil IMPERATIVE.

There have been several textual emendations to explain "potter" (BDB 427, KB 428, Qal ACTIVE PARTICIPLE, i.e., the one who forms metal).

1. the Septuagint has the term "furnace smelter" (cf. 2 Kgs. 12:10; 22:9, NJB)
2. the Peshitta (REB, JPSOA, NEB, RSV, TEV) has the term "treasury"
3. the Vulgate has the term "sculptor"
4. the Masoretic text has the term "potter" (i.e., shaper)
   1. potter/smelter ‒ היוצר
   2. treasury ‒ האוצר
   3. The UBS Text Project, p. 418, gives "potter" a "B" rating (some doubt). It also suggests the word be understood as "smith" or "one who casts metal" (NJB, LXX).

Some believe that it refers to Levites who made the vessels used by the priests, and therefore, a potter's shop was located in the temple ("threw them to the potter in the house of the Lord"). Others say that it is a Hebrew idiom for "that which is worthless and needs to be remade."

In the NT it refers to Judas throwing his ill-gotten treason money back into the priests' possession (cf. Matt. 27:3-5). They saw it as blood money and could not accept it back into the temple's treasury, so they bought a worn out potter's field in which to bury strangers (cf. Matt. 27:6-10).

▣ "that magnificent price at which I was valued by them" This refers either to

1. irony at their lack of understanding of the value of the Messiah
2. an allusion for the high price (CONSTRUCT BDB 12 and 429, KB 431) to be paid for human life, even that of a slave (cf. Exod. 21:32; Lev. 27:2-3)
3. It is uncertain which of these opposing views was in Zechariah's mind, but the first fits the context best.

11:14 "I cut in pieces my second staff, Union, in pieces, to break the brotherhood between Judah and Israel" In chapters nine and ten there is an emphasis on the restoration of the people of YHWH, but here, old scars are reopened and the union disappears!

The footnote in the JB suggests this might refer to the Samaritan schism in 328 B.C. in which they built a rival temple on Mt. Gerizin (p. 1541).

The term "brotherhood" (BDB 27) occurs only here. It seems to mean "kindred."

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ZECHARIAH 11:15-17
 ¹⁵ The Lord said to me, "Take again for yourself the equipment of a foolish shepherd. ¹⁶For behold, I am going to raise up a shepherd in the land who will not care for the perishing, seek the scattered, heal the broken, or sustain the one standing, but will devour the flesh of the fat sheep and tear off their hoofs.
 ¹⁷Woe to the worthless shepherd
 Who leaves the flock!
 A sword will be on his arm
 And on his right eye!
 His arm will be totally withered
 And his right eye will be blind."

11:15-17 This may be Zechariah play acting the wicked shepherd, as he did the good shepherd (cf. Zech. 11:4).

This term (BDB 479) is very general and refers to the items of a trade. The TEV gets it translation from "take again" (BDB 542, KB 534, Qal IMPERATIVE and the PREPOSITION, BDB 728, "repeat," "return," or "do again"), which starts the verse and implies a previous role playing (i.e., good shepherd, Zech. 11:7).

This Hebrew ADJECTIVE (BDB 17) is used often in Proverbs of someone who despises wisdom (i.e., a fool). It is used of prophets in Ezek. 13:3,10 and Hosea 9:7 and of YHWH's people in Jer. 4:22.

11:16 This verse expresses in a negative way (cf. Ezek. 34:1-4) the very attributes of YHWH and His Messiah (cf. Ezek. 34:11-16,23).

1. care for the perishing
2. seek the scattered
3. heal the broken
4. sustain the tottering

YHWH, through His Messiah, will restore His scattered people.

▣ "but will devour the flesh of the fat sheep and tear off their hoofs" The opposite actions are directed at

1. the false shepherds
2. the wealthy who took advantage of the poor, weak, and powerless

Justice will one day come!

The imagery of "tearing off their hoofs" could have several connotations.

1. eat every part of the sheep
2. try to prove to the owner that wild animals killed the sheep
3. to show utter destruction of the faithless people

11:17 "Woe" Less emphatic than (BDB 17) this word (BDB 222) usually introduces a pronouncement of judgment in Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Habukkuk. It is often translated "Ah" or "Alas."

Many English translations print Zech. 11:17 as poetry (NASB, NKJV, NRSV, NJB).

YHWH will treat the false shepherd exactly opposite of His faithful ones.

1. no protection from Him
2. no knowledge of Him

This picks up on verses 4-5.

▣ "Who leaves the flock" This was a major failure for the profession of shepherd. To leave the sheep left them open to attack and theft. Jesus picks up on this very point in John 10:7-18 (esp. John 10:10,12).

▣ "A sword will be on his arm" This is idiomatic language for effectiveness in leadership and influence.

▣ "His arm will be totally withered" This is an INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE and IMPERFECT VERB of the same root (BDB 386, KB384) which intensifies the meaning.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.

1. What does the poem of Zech. 11:1-3 refer to?
2. What three different metaphors are used in this poem?
3. Explain the different theories of Zech. 11:8. Which one do you think is best and why?
4. What is so shocking about Zech. 11:8b and 9?
5. How does Zech. 11:12 relate to its own day and to NT usage?
6. Why is this chapter so difficult to interpret in history?

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