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ISAIAH 48

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

READING CYCLE THREE (see "Bible Interpretation Seminar")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects (reading cycle #3). Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author's intent, which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS

1. As YHWH addressed Neo-Babylon in Isaiah 46 and 47, He now addresses His people, His returnees, His faithful remnant.
   SPECIAL TOPIC: THE REMNANT (three senses)
   
   
2. Notice the different ways Israel is referred to.
   1. O house of Jacob, Isa. 48:1
   2. who are named Israel, Isa. 48:1
   3. who came from the loins of Judah, Isa. 48:1
   4. who swear by the name of the Lord, Isa. 48:1
   5. who invoke the God of Israel, Isa. 48:1
   6. you are obstinate, Isa. 48:4
   7. you have been called a rebel from birth, Isa. 48:8
   8. O Jacob, Isa. 48:12,20
   
   
3. Notice the different titles and descriptions of YHWH
   1. the name of the Lord, Isa. 48:1
   2. the God of Israel, Isa. 48:1,2
   3. I am He, Isa. 48:12
   4. I am the first, I am the last, Isa. 48:12
   5. the Lord (YHWH), Isa. 48:14,17,20,22
   6. the Lord God (Adon YHWH), Isa. 48:16
   7. Redeemer, Isa. 48:17
   8. the Holy One, Isa. 48:17
   9. the Lord your God, Isa. 48:17
   
   
4. There are several significant and theologically important verses in this section of Isaiah that will be developed in the NT.
   1. Isa. 45:23
   2. Isa. 46:8-11
   3. Isa. 48:8-11
   4. Isa. 48:16
   
   
5. H. C. Leupold entitles this chapter "A Sharp Rebuke and a Gracious Challenge" (p. 158). This fluctuation between judgment and mercy characterizes prophetic literature and it happens side by side with little or no textual transition markers.

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 48:1-11
¹"Hear this, O house of Jacob, who are named Israel
And who came forth from the loins of Judah,
Who swear by the name of the Lord
And invoke the God of Israel,
But not in truth nor in righteousness.
²For they call themselves after the holy city
And lean on the God of Israel;
The Lord of hosts is His name.
³I declared the former things long ago
And they went forth from My mouth, and I proclaimed them.
Suddenly I acted, and they came to pass.
⁴Because I know that you are obstinate,
And your neck is an iron sinew
And your forehead bronze,
⁵Therefore I declared them to you long ago,
Before they took place I proclaimed them to you,
So that you would not say, 'My idol has done them,
And my graven image and my molten image have commanded them.'
⁶You have heard; look at all this.
And you, will you not declare it?
I proclaim to you new things from this time,
Even hidden things which you have not known.
⁷They are created now and not long ago;
And before today you have not heard them,
So that you will not say, 'Behold, I knew them.'
⁸You have not heard, you have not known.
Even from long ago your ear has not been open,
Because I knew that you would deal very treacherously;
And you have been called a rebel from birth.
⁹For the sake of My name I delay My wrath,
And for My praise I restrain it for you,
In order not to cut you off.
¹⁰Behold, I have refined you, but not as silver;
I have tested you in the furnace of affliction.
¹¹For My own sake, for My own sake, I will act;
For how can My name be profaned?
And My glory I will not give to another."

48:1 "Hear" This is a common IMPERATIVE (BDB 1033, KB 1570) for Isaiah, as well as Deuteronomy, Kings, Job, Psalm, and Amos, to begin a new section (cf. Isa. 1:2,10; 7:13; 28:23; 36:13; 37:17; 47:8; 46:3,12; 47:8; 48:1,14,16; 49:1; 51:1,7; 55:2; 66:5). YHWH wants His message "heard" and "lived out." Divine revelation demands obedience! Truth is not only mental but lifestyle!

SPECIAL TOPIC: LISTEN/HEAR (shema)

▣ "Israel" See SPECIAL TOPIC: ISRAEL (the name)

There are three Hebrew roots used by commentators to attempt to explain this text.

1. "waters," מי (BDB 565, the UBS Text Project, p. 128, gives the MT a "B" rating)
2. "loins," מעי (BDB 588, NASB, NRSV, AB; DSS, "from the inward parts")
3. "seed," זרע (BDB 281, REB)

All of these Hebrew terms are imagery for the descendants by natural means of a group, tribe, family. The UBS Text Project, p. 128, gives "from the waters" a B rating.

Notice that all the descendants are designated by

1. Jacob
2. Israel
3. Judah

This implies the returnees were mostly from the southern three tribes called Judah. "Israel" now refers to all of Abraham's seed, as it did before the United Monarchy split in 922 B.C.

▣ "Who swear. . .invoke" Both of these VERBS refer to worship acts.

1. swear by the name (BDB 989, KB 1396, Niphal PARTICIPLE, cf. Isa. 19:18; 65:16)
2. invoke (lit. "cause to remember," BDB 269, KB 269, Hiphil IMPERFECT, cf. Isa. 12:4; 26:13; 62:6)

Wow, what a condemning evaluation of Israel's worship!

1. The term "truth" is אמת (BDB 54) and means "faithfulness." See SPECIAL TOPIC: BELIEVE, TRUST, FAITH AND FAITHFULNESS IN THE OT
2. For the second word, צדקה (BDB 842) see SPECIAL TOPIC: RIGHTEOUSNESS

48:2 The first two lines remind me of Jeremiah's "Temple Sermon" in Jeremiah 7, where the Israelites trust in the temple but not in YHWH.

1. call themselves after the holy city (BDB 894, KB 1128, Niphal PERFECT, cf. Isa. 48:1)
2. lean on the God of Israel (BDB 701, KB 759, Niphal PERFECT)

Their worship looked orthodox and pious but it was false and directed to the wrong source.

SPECIAL TOPIC: LORD OF HOSTS

48:3 YHWH again speaks (notice the number of "I's") of His control of time and history. He uses predictive prophecy to show His people His existence and power (v. 5).

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE BIBLE (its uniqueness and inspiration)

48:4 YHWH describes His people as

1. obstinate (cf. Ezek. 2:4; 3:7)
2. neck is an iron sinew
3. forehead is bronze

SPECIAL TOPIC: STUBBORNNESS

▣ "know" This word (BDB 393, KB 390) is used several times in this chapter (cf. Isa. 48:4,6,7,8 [twice]), where it means "knowledge about," but it should mean "intimate fellowship with."

SPECIAL TOPIC: KNOW

48:5 "idol" This verse mentions two kinds of false images of deities (cf. Isa. 40:20; 46:5-7).

1. carved from wood (cf. Isa. 44:9-17; Jer. 10:1-10)
2. cast of metal in a mold (cf. Isa. 30:22; 40:19; 41:7)

48:6 There is some question about how the VERBS of the first two lines should be translated. I like the NJB's version, "You have heard and seen all this, why won't you admit it?"

The "it" refers to YHWH's predictions (cf. Isa. 42:9; 43:19; 48:5). YHWH proves His existence by His knowledge of and control of future events affecting all nations not just Israel/Judah.

For "new things" see full note at Isa. 62:2.

48:8 "deal very treacherously" This intensified grammatical form is a Qal IMPERFECT and a Qal INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE of the same root (BDB 93, KB 108). A good example is Jer. 44:15-19.

▣ "a rebel from birth" See Deut. 9:7. Even in the exit from Egypt, Israel was idolatrous (i.e. Ezek. 20:8,13; Amos 5:25-26).

48:9 This is a good summary of YHWH's problem with Abraham's seed. He wanted to use them so that the world would know Him and come to Him (cf. Gen. 12:3). But they were not faithful. He had declared, "the soul that sins it will die" (i.e. Gen. 2:16,17; Ezek. 18:4,20). Now God's word and God's purpose come into conflict. He will choose to act for the greater good (i.e. salvation of all humans, cf. 1 Sam. 12:22; Ps. 106:8; Jer. 14:7; Ezek. 20:8-9,14,17). The text that describes this so well is Ezek. 36:22-36! YHWH acts for Israel for His greater purpose! Is this not what Isa. 48:11 is affirming? This is the wonderful message of Isaiah.

SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN

The MT has the VERB "choose" (בחר, BDB 103, KB 119, Qal PERFECT, NJB), but the DSS scroll of Isaiah has a similar VERB "tested" (בחן, BDB 103, KB 119), which fits the context better. The UBS Text Project gives "refined" a "B" rating.

48:11 This verse is similar in content to Ezek. 36:22-36. The last line is reflected in Isa. 42:8.

In the UBS Text Project, p. 130, the committee gives four possible textual options, but it cannot decide which one is original.

1. how should it be profaned
2. how should my name be profaned
3. how should I be profaned
4. how should my praise be profaned

It chose option 3 as the best guess.

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 48:12-16
¹²"Listen to Me, O Jacob, even Israel whom I called;
I am He, I am the first, I am also the last.
¹³Surely My hand founded the earth,
And My right hand spread out the heavens;
When I call to them, they stand together.
¹⁴Assemble, all of you, and listen!
Who among them has declared these things?
The Lord loves him; he will carry out His good pleasure on Babylon,
And His arm will be against the Chaldeans.
¹⁵I, even I, have spoken; indeed I have called him,
I have brought him, and He will make his ways successful.
¹⁶Come near to Me, listen to this:
From the first I have not spoken in secret,
From the time it took place, I was there.
And now the Lord God has sent Me, and His Spirit."

48:12 "Listen" See full note at v. 1.

▣ "I am He, I am the first, I am also the last" This is a recurrent idiom in Isaiah (cf. Isa. 41:4; 44:6) and becomes a common designation for Christ in Rev. 1:17; 2:8; 22:13! It is theologically parallel to "I am the Alpha and Omega" (cf. Rev. 1:8). It denotes the God of creation (Isa. 48:13; Jesus was the Father's agent in creation, cf. John 1:3,10; 1 Cor. 8:6; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:2) and eternity—eternity past, eternity future (i.e. time). The only God is YHWH.

SPECIAL TOPIC: MONOTHEISM

48:14 "Assemble, all of you" This command to gather (BDB 867, KB 1062, Niphal IMPERATIVE) refers to "O Jacob, even Israel" of v. 12.

▣ "listen" See note at 48:1.

▣ "Who among them has declared these things" The "who" seems, in context, to refer to the astrologers, false propehts, and enchanters of Isa. 42:11. YHWH shows His reality by His predictions and actions, which surprised the hearers.

The things delcared have to do with His judgment on Neo-Babylon by Cyrus II (Persia).

1. YHWH loves him
2. YHWH will carry out His good pleasure through him

48:15 The first phrase ("I, even I, have spoken," BDB 180, KB 210, Piel PERFECT) is a way of accepting the power of YHWH's spoken word (cf. Isa. 55:11). His purposes cannot be thwarted!

▣ Notice YHWH's actions toward His instrument (i.e. Cyrus II) for His covenant people's release from exile

1. I have spoken ‒ BDB 180, KB 210, Piel PERFECT
2. I have called him ‒ BDB 894, KB 1128, Qal PERFECT
3. I have brought him ‒ BDB 97, KB 112, Hiphil PERFECT
4. He will make his ways successful ‒ BDB 852, KB 1026, Hiphil PERFECT with waw

48:16 "Come near to Me, listen to this" These two IMPERATIVES match/parallel the two IMPERATIVES of v. 14, "assemble, all of you and listen."

▣ "From the first I have not spoken in secret" YHWH made His plans, will, and future events known through

1. revelation to Moses
2. revelation from the prophets

Israel/Judah knew exactly what YHWH wanted and expected from them.

Wow! How many persons and who are they who are being mentioned? Who is the speaker? Obviously, the first is YHWH. His Spirit is probably the same as Gen. 1:2; Isa. 11:2; 42:1; 61:1. But who is the "me"?

1. the prophet Isaiah speaking for YHWH
2. the Messiah (or the Servant)
3. Cyrus II (as if speaking, vv. 14-15)

Christians can easily see the Trinity in this text (see SPECIAL TOPIC: THE TRINITY, II>). The same three persons are mentioned again in Isa. 61:1.

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PERSONHOOD OF THE SPIRIT

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 48:17-19
¹⁷Thus says the Lord, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel,
I am the Lord your God, who teaches you to profit,
Who leads you in the way you should go.
¹⁸If only you had paid attention to My commandments!
Then your well-being would have been like a river,
And your righteousness like the waves of the sea.
¹⁹Your descendants would have been like the sand,
And your offspring like its grains;
Their name would never be cut off or destroyed from My presence."

48:17 "the Lord, your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel" This is a recurrent use of divine title in this section of Isaiah (cf. Isa. 41:14; 43:14; 49:7,26; 54:5,8). It is expressed in a slightly different but parallel way in Isa. 49:26, "I the Lord, am your Savior, and your Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob."

SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, D. (YHWH)

SPECIAL TOPIC: RANSOM/REDEEM

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE HOLY ONE

▣ "your God" See SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, D. (Eloah)

▣ "who teaches you to profit" This is the use of the root "profit" (BDB 418 I, Hiphil INFINITIVE CONSTRUCT) in the sense of advantage (cf. Job 21:15; 35:3; Jer. 12:13; Isa. 47:12). Often it is used of what idols cannot do for the worshiper (cf. Isa. 44:9,10; 57:12; 1 Sam. 12:21; Jer. 2:8; 7:8,11; 23:32; Hab. 2:18).

▣ "Who leads you in the way you should go" This is the Semitic idiom of the righteous life as a "good path" (cf. Ps. 32:8; 119:105; Prov. 1:1-6). Here it probably refers to YHWH's presence and provisions on the way home from exile (cf. Isa. 48:20; 49:9-10).

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE PATH, THE WAY

48:18-19 This is a "what if. . ." text that reflects the covenant blessing and cursing of Leviticus 26 and Deuteronomy 28. Israel sinned and reaped the terrible consequences. She was created for righteousness and revelation, but disobedience and idolatry led to darkness and confusion.

48:19 "Like the sand" The OT uses these images for Israel's descendants.

1. dust
2. stars
3. sand

See full list of texts at Gen. 13:16 and 15:5 online.

SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT PROMISES TO THE PATRIARCHS

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 48:20-22
²⁰Go forth from Babylon! Flee from the Chaldeans!
Declare with the sound of joyful shouting, proclaim this,
Send it out to the end of the earth;
Say, The Lord has redeemed His servant Jacob."
²¹They did not thirst when He led them through the deserts.
He made the water flow out of the rock for them;
He split the rock and the water gushed forth.
²²"There is no peace for the wicked," says the Lord.

48:20 This is a series of commands to the returning exiles.

1. Go forth from Babylon ‒ Qal IMPERATIVE (BDB 422, KB 425)
2. Flee from the Chaldeans ‒ Qal IMPERATIVE (BDB 137, KB 156)
3. Declare with the sound of joyful shouting ‒ Hiphil IMPERATIVE (BDB 616, KB 665)
4. Proclaim this ‒ Hiphil IMPERATIVE (BDB 1033, KB 1570)
5. Send it out to the end of the earth ‒ Hiphil IMPERATIVE (BDB 422, KB 425)
6. Say. . . ‒ Qal IMPERATIVE (BDB 55, KB 65)

YHWH announces to His people to leave exile and go home. To the world He announces His purpose (cf. Isa. 62:11; Jer. 31:10; 50:2) and that He has accomplished it! He wants the world to know so they will come to know Him (cf. Isa. 2:2-4; 42:6; 45:22-23; 51:4-5; 60:1,3; Acts 13:46-49)!

SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN

48:21 The return from Assyrian and Babylonian exile was seen as a new exodus (i.e. Isa. 35:6; 49:10) and wilderness wandering (i.e. Exod. 17:6; Deut. 8:15). YHWH will provide their every need. He will be with them as He was with the Israelites during the exodus.

48:22 This is a summary statement related to unbelievers and idolaters (cf. Isa. 57:21; 59:8). Any path without YHWH is a path of destruction and ruin. This decision-making process is known in the OT as "the two ways" (cf. Deut. 30:15,19; Ps. 1:1; Prov. 4:10-19; Jer. 21:8; Matt. 7:13-14).

SPECIAL TOPIC: PEACE (OT)

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