|  Home  |  Old Testament Studies  |  Jeremiah Table of Contents  |  Previous Section  |  Next Section  |

JEREMIAH 46

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

(The parentheses represent poetic literary units)

READING CYCLE THREE (see "Bible Interpretation Seminar")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects (reading cycle #3). Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author's intent, which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS

1. This begins the literary unit of the book dealing with YHWH's judgment on the surrounding nations (cf. Jer. 1:5,10; 25:15-38).
   
   
2. These nations would never hear/read these prophecies. YHWH is addressing them in a literary way to show that He is the only God, the God of all the earth (i.e. Deut. 32:8).
   SPECIAL TOPIC: MONOTHEISM
   SPECIAL TOPIC: ONE CAUSALITY
   
   
3. The nations addressed are
   1. Egypt
   2. Philistia
   3. Phoenicia
   4. Moab
   5. Ammon
   6. Edom
   7. Syria
   8. Kedar and Hazor
   9. Elam
   10. Neo-Babylon
   
   
4. There are several other places in the Prophets where YHWH addresses His judgment on the surrounding nations of the ANE.
   1. Isa. 13-23 ‒ Old Babylon, Philisita, Moab, Syria Ethiopia, Egypt, Edom, Arabia, Phoenicia, Tarshish
   2. Jer. 25:15-38 ‒ Egypt, Uz (Moab, Philistia, Edom, Moab, Ammon, Arabia [and desert people], Elam, Media, Babylon [Sheshach])
   3. Ezek. 25-32 ‒ Ammon, Moab, Edom, Philistia, Phoenicia, Egypt, Neo-Babylon, Assyria, Elam, Meshech-Tubal
   4. Amos 1-2 ‒ Syria, Philistia, Phoenicia, Edom, Ammon, Moab (even Israel and Judah)
   5. Obadiah ‒ Edom
   6. Nahum 2-3 ‒ Assyria, Egypt, Ethiopia
   7. Zeph. 2:4-15 ‒ Philistia, Moab, Ammon, Ethiopia, Assyria
   
   
5. Chart of Prophecies Against Nations and Regions (Jeremiah 46-49)
   
   

   Nations	Chapter & Verse	Date	Gods Listed	Why Judgment	By Whom	Any Hope
   Egypt	46:2-12	605 B.C.		Arrogance	Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemish	46:11
   Egypt	46:13-26	?	Apis (Haf) 46:15	Idolatry 46:25	Nebuchadnezzar invades Egypt	46:26
   Philistia	47:1-7	609, 605, 604, 601 B.C.			Waters from North (i.e. Babylon) 47:2
   Philistia	47:1-7	609, 605, 604, 601 B.C.			Waters from North (i.e. Babylon) 47:2
   Moab	48:1-47		Chemosh 48:7,13,46	Trust in Yourselves 48:7 Overconfidence 48:11 Pride 48:29 Arrogance 48:26	An Eagle 48:40 A Destroyer 48:8,32	48:47
   Ammon	49:1-6		Malcam Milcom Molech 49:1,3	Trust in Her Treasures 49:4		49:6
   Edom	49:7-22			Arrogance in Geography 49:16	A Lion 49:19 An Eagle 49:22
   Damascus	49:23-27	733 B.C.
   Kedar and Hazor	49:28-33	599 B.C.			Nebuchadnezzar 49:28,30
   Elam	49:34-39					49:39

   
   
6. Jeremiah 46 describes Egypt's defeat by Nebuchadnezzar II's army at Carchemish in Syria (i.e. 605 B.C.). It is poetic and contains numerous commands.
   1. Jer. 46:3-4 (IMPERATIVES)
      1. line up the shield and buckler
      2. draw near for the battle
      3. harness the horses
      4. mount the steeds
      5. take your stand with helmets on (the only Hiphil in a series of Qal IMPERATIVES)
      6. polish the spears
      7. put on the scale-armor
   2. Jer. 46:6 (IMPERFECTS used as JUSSIVES)
      1. let not the swift man flee
      2. let not the mighty man escape
   3. Jer. 46:8 (two IMPERFECTS used as COHORTATIVES and one COHORTATIVE)
      1. I will rise
      2. I will cover
      3. I will surely destroy
   4. Jer. 46:11 (Qal IMPERATIVES)
      1. go up
      2. obtain
   5. Jer. 46:14 (4 Hiphil IMPERATIVES, 1 Qal)
      1. declare in Egypt
      2. proclaim in Migdol
      3. proclaim (Qal) also in Memphis and Tahpanhes
      4. take your stand
      5. get yourself ready
   6. Jer. 46:16 (Qal IMPERATIVE and COHORTATIVE)
      1. get up
      2. let us go back
   
   
7. Jer. 46:2-12 deals with the battle at Carchemish (i.e. in Syria to the west of Haran on the headwaters of the Euphrates River) in 605 B.C.
   Jer. 46:13-26 deals with Nebuchadnezzar's military invasion in 568-567 B.C. Egypt was completely conquered by Persia in 525 B.C.

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: JEREMIAH 46:1
¹That which came as the word of the Lord to Jeremiah the prophet concerning the nations.

46:1 This is an introductory verse for the literary unit dealing with YHWH's judgments against the surrounding nations (chapters 46-51).

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: JEREMIAH 46:2-12
²To Egypt, concerning the army of Pharaoh Neco king of Egypt, which was by the Euphrates River at Carchemish, which Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon defeated in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah:
³"Line up the shield and buckler,
 And draw near for the battle!
⁴Harness the horses,
 And mount the steeds,
 And take your stand with helmets on!
 Polish the spears,
 Put on the scale-armor!
⁵Why have I seen it?
 They are terrified,
 They are drawing back,
 And their mighty men are defeated
 And have taken refuge in flight,
 Without facing back;
 Terror is on every side!"
 Declares the Lord.
⁶"Let not the swift man flee,
 Nor the mighty man escape;
 In the north beside the river Euphrates
 They have stumbled and fallen.
⁷Who is this that rises like the Nile,
 Like the rivers whose waters surge about?
⁸Egypt rises like the Nile,
 Even like the rivers whose waters surge about;
 And He has said, "I will rise and cover that land;
 I will surely destroy the city and its inhabitants."
⁹Go up, you horses, and drive madly, you chariots,
 That the mighty men may march forward:
 Ethiopia and Put, that handle the shield,
 And the Lydians, that handle and bend the bow.
¹⁰For that day belongs to the Lord God of hosts,
 A day of vengeance, so as to avenge Himself on His foes;
 And the sword will devour and be satiated
 And drink its fill of their blood;
 For there will be a slaughter for the Lord God of hosts,
 In the land of the north by the river Euphrates.
 ¹¹Go up to Gilead and obtain balm,
 O virgin daughter of Egypt!
 In vain have you multiplied remedies;
 There is no healing for you.
 ¹²The nations have heard of your shame,
 And the earth is full of your cry of distress;
 For one warrior has stumbled over another,
 And both of them have fallen down together."

46:2 "Pharaoh Neco" Necho II (609-593 B.C.; of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty) marched through Judah to confront Nebuchadnezzar II at Carchemish in Syria. Josiah attempted to stop him and was wounded at Meggido. Josiah later died of his wounds (i.e. 609 B.C.). Pharaoh Necho's army was defeated (partially because Josiah delayed him which allowed Neo-Babylon to defeat the remaining Assyrian army). As Pharaoh Necho II returned to Egypt he stopped at Jerusalem and exiled King Jehoahaz, Josiah's successor of only three months (cf. 2 Kgs. 23:28-37; 2 Chr. 35:20-36:4). Necho II placed Jehoiakim (a relative of Josiah) on Judah's throne as his surrogate (cf. 2 Kgs. 23:29ff).

SPECIAL TOPIC: KINGS OF EGYPT

SPECIAL TOPIC: KINGS OF THE DIVIDED MONARCHY

46:3-4 "line up" These IMPERATIVES (see Contextual Insights, E) were orders given by Egyptian officers to the Egyptian soldiers.

46:4 "helmets" These helmets (BDB 464) were rarely worn, therefore, this denotes that the soldiers were to "immediately prepare for battle."

46:5 What powerful poetry of fear and defeat. It reminds me of Nahum 2.

Line 7, "terror is on every side," is an often repeated phrase in Jeremiah (cf. Jer. 6:25; 20:3,10; 49:29; Lam. 2:22; see BDB 159 II, KB 544).

46:7-8 These two verses seem to reflect the arrogant attitude of the Egyptian army; they used the annual overflowing of the Nile as the imagery of victorious military conquest. But it is all a myth, a false hope. In reality the Egyptian army and her mercenaries flee before the Babylonian military. Instead of the Nile overflowing its banks, it retreats!

46:9 This verse identifies several regional elements of the Egyptian army.

1. Cush ‒ BDB 468 I; Ethiopia (southern Egypt)
2. Put ‒ BDB 866, Libya (northeast Africa)
3. Lud ‒ BDB 530, Lydia (western Asia Minor)

It is uncertain if they were mercenaries (cf. Jer. 46:21) or defeated armies that joined Egypt's victorious army.

46:10 "the Lord God of hosts" (twice) The first title "Lord" is the term Adon (BDB 10) which denotes "owner," "master," "lord," "husband."

The second title is literally "YHWH Sabbaoth." YHWH is usually noted in English Bibles as all capitals, Lord (cf, Ps. 110:1).

Verse 10 may be the Divine response to Pharaoh Necho II killing Josiah and replacing (exiling) his heir who reigned only three months!

SPECIAL TOPIC: LORD OF HOSTS

▣ "the sword" Often in poetic passages in the OT the "sword" is personified. The sword of the Neo-Babylonians is the sword of YHWH.

The UBS' A Translator's Handbook On Jeremiah (p. 847) has a good comment on this phrase. The picture is that of a sacrificial feast in which the worshiper is allowed to eat part of the animal that has been sacrificed. The same idea is conveyed in Ezek. 39:17-20; Zeph. 1:7.

Over the last few years I have become aware that YHWH has regularly used foreign nations to

1. punish His people
2. destroy other nations

This imagery drawn from ANE battles has become imagery of YHWH's control of all nations.

This insight has changed my understanding of the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans in A.D. 70, as well as my understanding of

1. Jesus' Olivet Discourse (i.e. Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 17; 21)
2. Paul's discussion of the "Man of Lawlessness" (2 Thess. 2)
3. John's book of Revelation

I hope you will evaluate my exegetical commentaries on these texts, as well as the following Special Topics.

1. SPECIAL TOPIC: SECOND COMING
2. SPECIAL TOPIC: COMING ON THE CLOUDS
3. SPECIAL TOPIC: SOON RETURN
4. SPECIAL TOPIC: A DELAYED SECOND COMING
5. SPECIAL TOPIC: THE ANY MOMENT RETURN OF JESUS vs. THE NOT YET

46:11 Gilead was widely known for its healing balms (cf. Jer. 8:22). But there was no balm for Egypt (cf. lines 3, 4). She is doomed to defeat and shame.

▣ "virgin daughter of Egypt" This is the NOUN CONSTRUCT of "virgin" (BDB 413) and "daughter" (BDB 123 I). The CONSTRUCT "daughter(s) of _________" is a way to refer to a nation.

1. Zion/Jerusalem/Judah ‒ Ps. 9:14; Isa. 1:8; 10:32; 16:1; 37:22; 52:2; 62:11; Jer. 4:11; 6:2,23,26; 8:11,19,21,22; 9:1,7; 14:17; Lamentations (many times); Micah 1:13; 4:8,10; Zeph. 3:14; Zech. 2:10; 9:9
2. Israel ‒ 2 Sam. 1:24; Ezek. 16:55
3. Tyre ‒ Ps. 45:12; Isa. 23:12
4. Babylon/Chaldea ‒ Ezra 2:61; Ps. 137:8; Isa. 47:1,5; Jer. 50:42; 51:33; Zech. 2:7
5. Egypt ‒ Jer. 46:24
6. Tarshish ‒ Isa. 23:10
7. Philistia ‒ Ezek. 16:27,57
8. all nations ‒ Ezek. 32:16

When the term "virgin daughter" is used it seems to emphasize the vulnerability of the nation addressed.

1. Zion ‒ 2 Kgs. 19:21; Isa. 37:22; Jer. 14:17; Lam. 2:10,13
2. Israel ‒ Jer. 18:13; 31:4,21; Amos 5:2
3. Babylon ‒ Isa. 47:1
4. Egypt ‒ Jer. 46:11

In 2 Kgs. 19:21 both forms are found in poetic parallel. Also note the changing meaning of "Israel," sometimes referring to all of the covenant people, descendants from Jacob/Israel, and in other contexts (i.e. the Divided Monarchy, 922 B.C. ‒ 722 B.C.) it refers to the Northern Ten Tribes (i.e. Israel, Samaria, Ephraim).

46:12 "The nations have heard of your shame" This is exactly the opposite of YHWH's intended purpose for His covenant people (cf. Gen. 12:3; Ezek. 36:22-36). YHWH wanted the descendants of Abraham to reflect His character to the world and, thereby to attract the world to Himself. This is still His purpose for His people.

1. your shame ‒ קלונך (BDB 885, cf. Jer. 13:26)
2. your voice ‒ קולך (BDB 876)

The UBS Text Project, p. 293, gives #1 a "B" rating. The NEB and REB seem to think "voice" is a better parallel to the next poetic line, which has "outcry" (BDB 846, i.e. a cry of distress or grief, cf. Jer. 14:2).

SPECIAL TOPIC: SHAME

SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: JEREMIAH 46:13-24
¹³This is the message which the Lord spoke to Jeremiah the prophet about the coming of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to smite the land of Egypt:
¹⁴"Declare in Egypt and proclaim in Migdol,
 Proclaim also in Memphis and Tahpanhes;
 Say, 'Take your stand and get yourself ready,
 For the sword has devoured those around you.'
¹⁵Why have your mighty ones become prostrate?
  do not stand because the Lord has thrust them down.
¹⁶They have repeatedly stumbled;
 Indeed, they have fallen one against another.
  they said, 'Get up! And let us go back
 To our own people and our native land
 Away from the sword of the oppressor.'
¹⁷They cried there, 'Pharaoh king of Egypt is but a big noise;
 He has let the appointed time pass by!'
¹⁸As I live," declares the King
 Whose name is the Lord of hosts,
 "Surely one shall come who looms up like Tabor among the
 mountains,
 Or like Carmel by the sea.
¹⁹Make your baggage ready for exile,
 O daughter dwelling in Egypt,
 For Memphis will become a desolation;
 It will even be burned down and bereft of inhabitants.
²⁰Egypt is a pretty heifer,
 But a horsefly is coming from the north-it is coming!
²¹Also her mercenaries in her midst
 Are like fattened calves,
 For even they too have turned back and have fled away
 together;
 They did not stand their ground.
 For the day of their calamity has come upon them,
  time of their punishment.
²²Its sound moves along like a serpent;
 For they move on like an army
 And come to her as woodcutters with axes.
²³They have cut down her forest," declares the Lord;
 "Surely it will no more be found,
 Even though they are now more numerous than locusts
 And are without number.
²⁴The daughter of Egypt has been put to shame,
 Given over to the power of the people of the north."

46:13-26 As Jer. 46:1-2 describes the battle at Carchemish in Syria in 605 B.C., Jer. 46:13-26 describes a later invasion of Egypt itself (cf. Jer. 43:11-12).

46:14 All of these locations are mentioned in Jer. 44:1 as places where the doomed Judeans were living.

There are several translation issues with this verse.

1. "mighty ones" (BDB 7) can refer to
   1. soldiers (NIV, NET Bible)
   2. the Egyptian bull god, Apis (LXX, RSV, NEB, NIDOTTE, vol. 1, p. 234)
2. the VERB is SINGULAR (BDB 695, KB 749, Niphal PERFECT), but the NOUN PLURAL. The LXX divides the VERB (נסחף) into two words (נס חף ) which means "Hap (Apis) has fled." The UBS Text Project supports this division by giving it a "B" rating (p. 293).
3. The defeat of the Egyptian soldiers or bull god (possibly a reference to Pharaoh as the incarnation of Egypt's gods) is attributed to YHWH (line 2).

The MT has "he made many stumble" (Hiphil PERFECT, BDB 505, KB 502 and Qal ACTIVE PARTICIIPLE, BDB 656, KB 709, both MASCULINE SINGULAR). The "he" is YHWH from Jer. 46:15.

Some translations assume it is a collective reference to the Egyptian army.

The Hebrew word (BDB 981, KB 1370 II) means

1. roar of water (i.e. battle) ‒ Isa. 17:12; Jer. 48:45; 51:55; Amos 2:2; Hosea 10:14; here, imagery of "crash"
2. uproar of battle ‒ Ps. 74:23; Isa. 17:12-13; 25:5
3. festival uproar ‒ Isa. 5:14

It is used here as a possible play on Pharaoh's name or a ridicule of his military appearing and then disappearing (Jer. 37:5).

46:18 ". . .the King

 Whose name is the Lord of hosts" YHWH, the covenant Deity, has always been "king" (cf. 1 Sam. 8:7). The Judean kings (cf. Gen. 49:10) from the line of Jesse/David (cf. 2 Samuel 7; 1 Chronicles 17) have only served as earthly representatives of Him.

The opening phrase, "As I live," functions in two ways.

1. a word play on the Hebrew VERB "to be" and YHWH (i.e. the ever-living, only-living Deity)
2. it is an idiom introducing an oath. An oath by YHWH in His name is a powerful promise that His words will come to be (i.e. Isa. 55:9-11)

SPECIAL TOPIC: NAMES FOR DEITY, D.

SPECIAL TOPIC: "THE NAME" OF YHWH (OT)

▣ "Mount Tabor. . .Mount Carmel" These are references to the topological features that dominate a landscape. They are used here as imagery of overwhelming power (i.e. the Neo-Babylonian army against the Egyptian army).

The Hebrew VERB (BDB 428, KB 429, Niphal PERFECT with waw) means "to kindle" or "to burn" (cf. Jer. 2:15; 11:16; 17:27; 21:14; 43:12; 49:2,27; 50:32; 51:30,58), but it is also used of "ruin" or "waste" (cf. Jer. 4:7; 9:11).

The MT has a NOUN (BDB 903, KB 1148) that occurs only here. A similar Aramaic and Arabic root denotes a biting insect. In context, it is obvious it refers to the invading Neo-Babylonian army.

46:21-23 "her mercenaries" They are mentioned in Jer. 46:9. Even these experienced, hired soldiers act like defenseless, pampered calves! They all flee (cf. Jer. 46:5) in the face of Nebuchadnezzar's army ("horsefly" of Jer. 46:20), as do the Egyptian soldiers, symbolized as a slithering snake in Jer. 46:22.

Notice the different imagery used to describe neo-Babylon's army.

1. woodcutters with axes
2. more numerous than locusts

46:22 "like a serpent" Serpent imagery is recurrent in the Bible. It can be positive or negative. This particular usage seems to reflect in a negative way the serpent insignia or the crown of Pharaoh. Instead of a "striking" serpent, there is a fleeing serpent.

SPECIAL TOPIC: SERPENT

▣ "as woodcutters with axes" The imagery of "cutting down trees" is recurrent in the Bible. It, like "serpents," has a wide usage. Only context can tell if it is

1. an image of judgment (cf. Isa. 10:33-34)
2. an image of idolatry (cf. Jer. 10:2-4)
3. an image of the purposeful results of invasion
   1. wood for siege works
   2. a way to devastate a defeated country

This one denotes the power of the Neo-Babylonian army against the feeble Egyptian army.

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: JEREMIAH 46:25-26
²⁵The Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, says, "Behold, I am going to punish Amon of Thebes, and Pharaoh, and Egypt along with her gods and her kings, even Pharaoh and those who trust in him. ²⁶I shall give them over to the power of those who are seeking their lives, even into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and into the hand of his officers. Afterwards, however, it will be inhabited as in the days of old," declares the Lord.

46:25-26 In this chapter several prose verses introduce a poetic section.

1. Jer. 46:1-2, then poem Jer. 46:3-12
2. Jer. 46:13, then poem Jer. 46:14-24
3. Jer. 46:25-26, about the previous poem

46:25 This verse seems to repeat itself. The LXX shortens it to "Behold, I am avenging Amon, her son, on Pharaoh and on those who trust in him."

Amon (BDB 51 I) was supposed to be the "king of the gods." The three gods, Ra, Ptah, and Amon, are often combined. As the worship of Apis (cf. Jer. 46:15) was centered in Memphis, the worship of Amon was centered in Thebes.

46:26 Egypt will be completely destroyed (cf. Ezek. 29:8-12) but it will be reinhabited (cf. Ezek. 29:13-14).

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT:46:27-28
²⁷"But as for you, O Jacob My servant, do not fear,
Nor be dismayed, O Israel!
For, see, I am going to save you from afar,
And your descendants from the land of their captivity;
And Jacob will return and be undisturbed
And secure, with no one making him tremble.
²⁸O Jacob My servant, do not fear," declares the Lord,
"For I am with you.
For I will make a full end of all the nations
Where I have driven you,
Yet I will not make a full end of you;
But I will correct you properly
And by no means leave you unpunished."

46:27-28 The parallel to these verses is in Jer. 30:10-11. This section of Jeremiah is called "The Book of Hope." It addresses the Judeans who have been exiled to Babylon.

46:27 The first two VERBS are IMPERFECTS used in a JUSSIVE sense. The exiles in Babylon (not Egypt) are commanded not to be afraid. YHWH will save (BDB 446, KB 448, Hiphil PARTICIPLE, cf. Jer. 23:3-4; 29:14) them!

Notice the VERBS used to describe YHWH's people in Babylonian exile.

1. do not fear (Jer. 46:28; see SPECIAL TOPIC: FEAR)
2. do not be dismayed
3. I am going to save you (see SPECIAL TOPIC: SALVATION [OT])
4. you shall return
5. you shall be undisturbed
6. you shall be secure
7. no one will make you tremble

A new day of restoration and security is promised!

In the literary unit of judgment on the nations there are several passages related to the exiles of Judah (cf. Jer. 50:4-10,17-20; 51:36-40,50-53).

Remember, the term "remnant" is used in Jeremiah of three groups of Judeans.

1. those taken to Babylon
2. those left in Judah after the exile
3. those who fled to Egypt

The prophets affirm that #2, 3 will be destroyed but YHWH will save and restore #1 to Canaan and restart the Patriarchal covenants.

SPECIAL TOPIC: REMNANT (three senses)

SPECIAL TOPIC: COVENANT PROMISES TO THE PATRIARCHS

46:28 The basis of the Babylonian exiles' hope is YHWH (notice the number of "I's") and His promises (cf. 2 Sam. 7:8-16).

1. I am with you
2. I shall make a full end of all the nations where you were exiled
3. I shall not make an end of you
4. I shall correct you properly

Discipline but not judgment. This is similar to YHWH's promise to David's royal descendants in 2 Samuel 7:14.

Jer. 46:27-28 is very similar theologically to Jer. 30:10-11. The theme of restoration is repeated for emphasis!

YHWH is not a respector of persons or status. Sin brings judgment, but even in appropriate judgment, there is mercy and hope!

|  Home  |  Old Testament Studies  |  Jeremiah Table of Contents  |  Previous Section  |  Next Section  |

Copyright © 2014 Bible Lessons International