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??JOHN 2
JOHN 2
PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS
UBS4 | NKJV | NRSV | TEV | NJB |
The Wedding at Cana | Water Turned to Wine | The Wedding at Cana | The Wedding in Cana | The Wedding at Cana |
2:1-11 | 2:1-12 | 2:1-11 | 2:1-3 | 2:1-10 |
2:4 | ||||
2:5 | ||||
2:6-10 | ||||
2:11 | 2:11-12 | |||
2:12 | 2:12 | 2:12 | ||
The Cleansing of the Temple | Jesus Cleanses the Temple | The Cleansing of the Temple | The Cleansing of the Temple | |
2:13-22 | 2:13-22 | 2:13-22 | 2:13-17 | 2:13-22 |
2:18 | ||||
2:19 | ||||
2:20 | ||||
2:21-22 | ||||
Jesus Knows All Men | The Discerner of Hearts | Jesus' Knowledge of Human Nature | Jesus in Jerusalem | |
2:23-25 | 2:23-25 | 2:23-25 | 2:23-25 | 2:23-25 |
READING CYCLE THREE (see "Bible Interpretation Seminar")
FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT PARAGRAPH LEVEL
This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.
Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects (reading cycle #3). Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author's intent, which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.
CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS TO 2:1-11
Another good example of John's textual design is Nicodemus (Mr. Religion) of John 3 and the Samaritan woman at the well (Miss Irreligion) of John 4. Here are "bookends" for all people.
In my opinion, Jesus' clearest and harshest statement about His rejection of Israel is the Synoptic Gospels' parable of the wicked tenant farmers (cf. Matt. 21:33-46; Mark 12:1-12; Luke 20:9-19.
SPECIAL TOPIC: WHY ARE OT COVENANT PROMISES SO DIFFERENT FROM NT COVENANT PROMISES?
SPECIAL TOPIC: PAUL'S VIEWS OF THE MOSAIC LAW
SPECIAL TOPIC: SUPERIORITY OF THE NEW COVENANT OVER THE MOSAIC COVENANT
WORD AND PHRASE STUDY
?JOHN 2:1-11
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: JOHN 2:1-11
1On the third day there was a wedding in Cana of Galilee, and the mother of Jesus was there; 2and both Jesus and His disciples were invited to the wedding. 3When the wine ran out, the mother of Jesus said to Him, "They have no wine." 4And Jesus said to her, "Woman, what does that have to do with us? My hour has not yet come." 5His mother said to the servants, "Whatever He says to you, do it." 6Now there were six stone waterpots set there for the Jewish custom of purification, containing twenty or thirty gallons each. 7Jesus said to them, "Fill the waterpots with water." So they filled them up to the brim. 8And He said to them, "Draw some out now and take it to the headwaiter." So they took it to him. 9When the headwaiter tasted the water which had become wine, and did not know where it came from (but the servants who had drawn the water knew), the headwaiter called the bridegroom, 10and said to him, "Every man serves the good wine first, and when the people have drunk freely, then he serves the poorer wine; but you have kept the good wine until now." 11This beginning of His signs Jesus did in Cana of Galilee, and manifested His glory, and His disciples believed in Him.
2:1 "there was a wedding" Village weddings were major social events. They often involved the entire community and could last several days.
▣ "Cana" This term is mentioned only in John's Gospel (John 2:1,11; 4:46; 21:2). We know some things about it.
There are four supposed sites (AB, vol. 1, p. 827)
The location on a plain seems to fit the name Cana, which is Hebrew for "reed" (i.e., cane)
▣ "the mother of Jesus was there" Apparently Mary was helping with the arrangements for the wedding. This can be seen in
These probably were relatives or family friends.
2:3 "They have no wine" It was a mandatory Hebrew custom for the guests to provide the wine. This wine is obviously fermented, as seen in
SPECIAL TOPIC: BIBLICAL ATTITUDES TOWARD ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
2:4 "Woman" In English this sounds harsh, but it was a Hebrew idiom, a title of respect (cf. John 4:21; 8:10; 19:26; 20:15).
NASB | "what does that have to do with us?" |
NKJV | "What does your concern have to do with Me?" |
NRSV | "What concern is that to you and to me?" |
TEV | "You must not tell me what to do" |
NJB | "What do you want from me?" |
Peshitta | "What is it to me and to you?" |
This is a Hebraic idiom, literally "what to me and to you" (cf. Jdgs. 11:12; 2 Sam. 16:10; 19:22; 1 Kgs. 17:18; 2 Kgs. 3:13; 2 Chr. 35:21; Matt. 8:29; Mark 1:24; 5:7; Luke 4:34; 8:28; John 2:4). This was possibly the beginning of Jesus' new relationship to His family (cf. Matt. 12:46ff; Luke 11:27-28).
▣ "My hour has not yet come" This shows Jesus' self-understanding about His appointed purpose (cf. Mark 10:45). John uses this term "hour" in several ways.
2:5 "Whatever He says to you, do it" Mary did not understand Jesus' comments as totally precluding His acting on her behalf in this situation.
2:6 | |
NASB | "for the Jewish custom of purification" |
NKJV | "according to the manner of purification" |
NRSV | "for the Jewish rites of purification" |
TEV | "the Jews have rules about ritual washing" |
NJB | "for the ablutions that are customary among the Jews" |
These containers of water were used for ceremonial washings of the feet, hands, utensils, etc. John makes this comment to help Gentiles understand the setting.
2:6-7 "six stone water pots" As so often in John, this seems to be a sign with dual purposes.
▣ "containing twenty or thirty gallons each" The measurement used was the Hebrew term bath. There were three different sizes of baths used in Jesus' day so the amount is uncertain, but this miracle involved a huge amount of fermented wine!
SPECIAL TOPIC: ANE WEIGHTS AND VOLUMES (metrology)
2:8 | |
NASB | "the headmaster" |
NKJV, REB | "the master of the feast" |
NRSV | "the chief steward" |
TEV | "the man in charge of the feast" |
NJB | "the president of the feast" |
Peshitta | "the chief guest" |
Peshitta (footnote) | "Master of Ceremonies" |
This person could be either (1) an honored guest who was in charge of the festival or (2) a slave in charge of serving the guests.
2:10 The point is that usually the best wine was served first. After the guests were affected, a poorer grade of wine was served. But here the best was last! This seems to be a contrast between the old covenant (old wine) in Judaism and the new covenant (new wine) in Jesus (cf. the book of Hebrews). Jesus' cleansing of the temple (cf. John 2:13-25, apparently placed out of chronological order by John for theological purposes) may symbolize this truth.
SPECIAL TOPIC: PAUL'S VIEWS OF THE MOSAIC LAW
2:11 "This beginning of His signs" The Gospel of John is built around seven signs and their interpretation. This is the first.
▣ "and manifested His glory, and His disciples believed in Him" The manifestation (see note on VERB at John 1:31) of Jesus' glory was the purpose of the miracle(s). This miracle, as many others, seemed to be directed primarily at His disciples! This does not refer to their initial faith act, but their ongoing understanding of His person and work. The signs reveal the true person and work of the Messiah. It is uncertain whether the guests ever knew what occurred.
SPECIAL TOPIC: GLORY (OT, kabod)
SPECIAL TOPIC: GLORY (NT, doxa)
?JOHN 2:12
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: JOHN 2:12
12After this He went down to Capernaum, He and His mother and His brothers and His disciples; and they stayed there a few days.
2:12 "Capernaum" After Nazareth's unbelief (cf. Luke 4:16-30) this became Jesus' headquarters in Galilee (cf. Matt. 4:13; Mark 1:21; 2:1; Luke 4:23,31; John 2:12; 4:46-47).
▣ This is a unique glimpse into the ministry of Jesus toward His family, in light of this miracle at Cana.
CONTEXTUAL INSIGHTS TO 2:13-25
WORD AND PHRASE STUDY
?JOHN 2:13-22
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: JOHN 2:13-22
13The Passover of the Jews was near, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem. 14And He found in the temple those who were selling oxen and sheep and doves, and the money changers seated at their tables. 15And He made a scourge of cords, and drove them all out of the temple, with the sheep and the oxen; and He poured out the coins of the money changers and overturned their tables; 16and to those who were selling the doves He said, "Take these things away; stop making My Father's house a place of business." 17His disciples remembered that it was written, "Zeal for Your house will consume me." 18The Jews then said to Him, "What sign do You show us as your authority for doing these things?" 19Jesus answered them, "Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up." 20The Jews then said, "It took forty-six years to build this temple, and will You raise it up in three days?" 21But He was speaking of the temple of His body. 22So when He was raised from the dead, His disciples remembered that He said this; and they believed the Scripture and the word which Jesus had spoken.
2:13 "The Passover" This annual feast is described in Exodus 12 and Deut. 16:1-6. This feast is the only means we have of dating Jesus' ministry.
John structured his Gospel around
▣ "and Jesus went up to Jerusalem" The Jews always spoke of Jerusalem in this theological sense more than in a geographical or topographical sense. For them it was "the navel of the world," the chief city of all cities.
2:14 "in the temple" Herod the Great's (an Idumean who ruled Palestine from 37-4 B.C.) temple was divided into seven different courts. The outer court was the Court of the Gentiles, where the merchants had set up their shops in order to accommodate those who wanted to offer sacrifices and bring special offerings.
▣ "oxen and sheep and doves" People traveling from a long distance needed to purchase sacrificially acceptable animals. However, the family of the High Priest controlled these shops and charged exorbitant prices for the animals. We also know that if people brought their own animals the priests would say they were disqualified because of some physical defect. Therefore, they had to purchase their animals from these dealers.
▣ "the money changers" There are two explanations of the need for these persons:
2:15 "He made a scourge out of cords, and drove them all out of the temple" This whip is mentioned only here. Jesus' anger can be clearly seen in this account. The place where YHWH could be known was no longer a place of worship and revelation (i.e., Solomon's dedicatory prayer in 1 Kings 8)! Anger in itself is not a sin! Paul's statement in Eph. 4:26 is possibly related to this act. There are some things that should anger believers.
▣ "the coins" See SPECIAL TOPIC: COINS USED IN PALESTINE IN JESUS' DAY
2:16 "Take these things away" This is an emphatic AORIST ACTIVE IMPERATIVE, "get these things out of here!"
▣ "'stop making My Father's house a place of business'" This is a PRESENT IMPERATIVE with a NEGATIVE PARTICLE which usually meant to stop an act already in process. The other Gospels (i.e., Matt. 21:13; Mark 11:17; Luke 19:46) quote Isa. 56:7 and Jer. 7:11 at this point, however, in John these OT prophecies are not mentioned. This may be a possible allusion to the Messianic prophecy of Zech. 14:21.
SPECIAL TOPIC: FATHERHOOD OF GOD
2:17 "His disciples remembered" This statement implies that even in the light of Jesus' ministry and the help of the Spirit, these men saw the spiritual truth of Jesus actions only later (cf. John 2:22; 12:16; 14:26).
▣ "that it was written" This is a PERFECT PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC, which is literally "it stands written." It was a characteristic way to affirm the inspiration of the OT (cf. John 6:31,45; 10:34; 12:14; 20:30). This is a quote from Ps. 69:9 in the LXX. This Psalm, like Psalm 22, fits Jesus' crucifixion. Jesus' zeal for God and His true worship will lead to His death, which was the will of God (cf. Isa. 53:4,10; Luke 22:22; Acts 2:23; 3:18; 4:28).
▣ "The Jews" See SPECIAL TOPIC: JEWS
NASB | "What sign can You show us as your authority |
for doing these things" | |
NKJV, Peshitta | "What sign do You show to us, since You do these things" |
NRSV | "What sign can you show us for doing this" |
TEV | "What miracle can you perform to show us that you have |
the right to do this" | |
NJB | "What sign can you show us that you should act like this" |
This was the central question the Jews had concerning Jesus. The Pharisees claimed His power came from the devil (cf. John 8:48-49,52; 10:20). They were expecting the Messiah to do certain things in certain ways (i.e., like Moses). When He did not perform these specific acts, they began to wonder about Him (cf. Mark 11:28; Luke 20:2), as did even John the Baptist (cf. Matt. 11:2-6).
2:19 "'Destroy this temple and in three days I will raise it up'" The Greek word for temple (hieron) in John 2:14 and 15 refers to the whole temple area, while the term (naos) in John 2:19,20, and 21 refers to the inner sanctuary itself. There has been much discussion about this statement. Obviously in Matt. 26:60ff; Mark 14:57-59; Acts 6:14 this is a reference to Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. However, in this context, it must also relate somehow to the temple itself being destroyed in A.D. 70 by Titus (cf. Matt. 24:1-2). These two statements are related to the truth that Jesus was setting up a new spiritual worship focused on Himself and not ancient Judaism's temple (cf. John 4:21-24). Again, John uses a word in two senses!
2:20 "It took forty-six years to build this temple" Herod the Great expanded and remodeled the second temple (from Zerubbabal's days, cf. Haggai) to attempt to placate the Jews for his being an Idumaean. Josephus tells us that it was started in 20 or 19 B.C. If this is correct, it means that this particular incident occurred in the year A.D. 27-28. We also know that the work continued on the temple until A.D. 64. This temple had become the great Jewish hope (cf. Jeremiah 7). It will be replaced by Jesus Himself, the new Temple. In John 1:14, He is depicted as the tabernacle and now the temple! What shocking imagery for a carpenter from Nazareth! God and mankind now meet and fellowship in Jesus!
2:21 "But He was speaking of the temple of His body" At the time Jesus spoke these words the disciples did not realize this (cf. John 2:17). Remember John is writing decades later.
Jesus knew why He came. There seem to be at least three purposes.
It is this last purpose that this verse addresses (cf. Mark 10:45; John 12:23,27; 13:1-3; 17:1; 2 Cor. 5:21).
2:22 "His disciples remembered that He said this" Often Jesus' words and acts were for the benefit of the disciples more than for the ones He was addressing. They did not always understand at the time (i.e., John 10:6; 12:16; 14:26; 16:18).
▣ "they believed the Scripture" Although the text itself does not state which Scripture, possibly Ps. 16:10 is the resurrection text that Jesus is alluding to (cf. Acts 2:25-32; 13:33-35). This same text (or theological concept—resurrection) is mentioned in John 20:9.
SPECIAL TOPIC: THE BIBLE (its uniqueness and inspiration)
NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: JOHN 2:23-25
23Now when He was in Jerusalem at the Passover, during the feast, many believed in His name, observing His signs which He was doing. 24But Jesus, on His part, was not entrusting Himself to them, for He knew all men, 25and because He did not need anyone to testify concerning man, for He Himself knew what was in man.
2:23 "many believed in His name" The term "believed" is from the Greek term (pisteō) that can also be translated "believe," "faith," or "trust." The NOUN does not occur in the Gospel of John, but the VERB is used often. In this context there is uncertainty as to the genuineness of the crowd's commitment to Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah. Other examples of this superficial use of the term "believe" are in John 8:31-59 and Acts 8:13, 18-24. True biblical faith is more than an initial response. It must be followed by a process of discipleship (cf. Matt. 13:20-22,31-32; 28:19; Eph. 2:8-10).
Apparently these superficial believers were drawn to Jesus by His miracles (cf. John 2:11; 7:31). Their purpose was to affirm Jesus' person and work. However, it must be noted that faith in the mighty works of Jesus was never adequate, persevering belief (cf. John 4:38; 20:29). The object of faith must be Jesus, Himself. Miracles are not automatically a sign of God (cf. Matt. 24:24; Rev. 13:13; 16:14; 19:20). Jesus' works were meant to lead people to faith in Him (cf. John 2:23; 6:14; 7:31; 10:42); often people saw the sign but refused to believe (cf. John 6:27; 11:47; 12:37).
SPECIAL TOPIC: FAITH, BELIEVE, OR TRUST
SPECIAL TOPIC: JOHN'S USE OF THE VERB "BELIEVE"
SPECIAL TOPIC: THE NAME OF THE LORD
2:24-25 This is one sentence in Greek. The significant term "entrust" (grammatically an IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE of "believe" negated) is used in this context to describe Jesus' actions and attitudes. It means much more than initial assent or emotional response. The sentence also asserts Jesus' knowledge of the fickleness and evil of the human heart (reflects God's knowledge, cf. Gen. 6:11-12,13; Ps. 14:1-3). The paragraph is illustrated by Nicodemus in John 3. Even "Mr. Religious" was unable by his own effort, knowledge, standing, or lineage to be accepted by God. Righteousness comes only through belief/faith/trust in Jesus (cf. Rom. 1:16-17; 4).
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.
These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.
1. Why did Jesus turn the water into wine? What did it symbolize?
2. Describe the marriage customs of Jesus' day.
3. Can you draw the floor plan of Herod's temple? Can you show the probable location of the buyers and sellers?
4. Why do the Synoptics not record this initial cleansing of the temple?
5. Did Jesus predict the destruction of Herod's temple?
6. Define and explain the Greek word which is translated "trust," "believe" and "faith."
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