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ISAIAH 20

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

NASB NKJV NRSV TEV NJB
Prophecy About Egypt and Ethiopia The Sign Against Egypt and Ethiopia Against Egypt The Sign of the Naked Prophet Relating to the Capture of Ashdod
20:1-6 20:1-6 20:1-6 20:1-6 20:1-6

READING CYCLE THREE (see "Bible Interpretation Seminar")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects (reading cycle #3). Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author's intent, which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 20:1-6
1In the year that the commander came to Ashdod, when Sargon the king of Assyria sent him and he fought against Ashdod and captured it, 2at that time the Lord spoke through Isaiah the son of Amoz, saying, "Go and loosen the sackcloth from your hips and take your shoes off your feet." And he did so, going naked and barefoot. 3And the Lord said, "Even as My servant Isaiah has gone naked and barefoot three years as a sign and token against Egypt and Cush, 4so the king of Assyria will lead away the captives of Egypt and the exiles of Cush, young and old, naked and barefoot with buttocks uncovered, to the shame of Egypt. 5Then they will be dismayed and ashamed because of Cush their hope and Egypt their boast. 6So the inhabitants of this coastland will say in that day, 'Behold, such is our hope, where we fled for help to be delivered from the king of Assyria; and we, how shall we escape?'"

20:1 This verse gives modern readers the exact historical setting of YHWH's judgment of the Philistines by the description of the fall of Ashdod (one of the five main city-states of Philistia-Ashdod, Ashkelon, Gaza, Gath, Ekron). The fall of one denoted the fall of all (see earlier oracle in Isa. 14:28-32).

They were destroyed twice (1) by Sargon II (named specifically in the OT only here, he reigned from 722-705 B.C.), King of Assyria. In 713 B.C. the King of Ashdod, Azuri, revolted and in 711 B.C. Sargon II's army came and stopped the rebellion and (2) by Sennacherib in 705-701 B.C.

However, this chapter does not form a new oracle about the destruction of Philisita (or "coast lands," cf. Isa. 20:6), but a continuation of the judgment on Cush/Egypt, started in chapter 18. The humiliation of Ashdod was a foreshadowing of the shameful, humiliating exile of Egyptians by Assyrian armies on several different historical occasions. Segments of the Egyptian army were captured in battle and exiled.

▣ "the commander" The term (BDB 1077) denotes a field general (cf. 2 Kgs. 18:17 and also note Isa. 36:2, where the name of the general in 2 Kings 18 appears, but not his title).

20:2 Isaiah is told to dress (or better, undress) a certain way to denote current cultural mourning rites, but also to denote shame, at Assyria's defeat and exile of several nations.

  1. Ashdod (Philistia)
  2. Egypt
  3. Cush or synonym of Egypt of the 25 Dynasties who were Nubian.

What happened to Ashdod would in three years (cf. Isa. 20:3) happen to Egypt.

▣
NASB, NRSV, Peshitta  "loosen the sackcloth"
NKJV, NET  "remove the sackcloth"
TEV, LXX  "take off. . .the sackcloth"
REB  "strip the sackcloth"

The common VERB (BDB 834, KB 986, Piel PERFECT with waw) basically means "to open." So the question is, "Does it mean 'loosen' (mourning) or 'take off' (shame)?"

  1. "remove," NIV, Ps. 30:11; NASB has "loose," but means "remove" in Isa. 52:2; Jer. 40:4
  2. "loosen," Isa. 5:27

Normally wearing "sackcloth" (BDB 974) would denote mourning, as would being barefoot (cf. Micah 1:8), but it is possible that Isaiah removed the symbol of his prophetic office ("hairy robe," BDB 12 CONSTRUCT, BDB 972, cf. Matt. 3:4). If this is correct then the text is not talking about nudity (but "naked," BDB 736 in Isa. 20:2,3,4 may, cf. Gen. 2:25). However, most uses of the term "naked" mean partially clothed (cf. Isa. 47:1-3; 1 Sam. 19:24; 2 Sam. 6:14,20; Amos 2:16; Micah 1:8; John 19:23; 21:7).

SPECIAL TOPIC: GRIEVING RITES

20:3 "as a sign" The NOUN ,"sign" (BDB 16), is used

  1. as a marker of time, Gen. 1:14
  2. as a marker of person, Gen. 4:15
  3. as a marker of covenant, Gen. 9:12,13,17; 17:11
  4. as a marker of a faith promise, Exod. 3:12
  5. as a miracle to affirm God's representative (i.e., Moses), Exod. 4:8 (twice),9,17,28,30; 7:3; 8:23, etc.
  6. tribal standard, Num. 2:2; Ps. 74:4
  7. as a warning, Num. 16:38; 17:10

It is used often in Isaiah.

  1. special birth, Isa. 7:14
  2. Isaiah's children, Isa. 8:18
  3. altar and pillar in Egypt, Isa. 19:20
  4. Isaiah's dress, Isa. 20:3
  5. harvest, Isa. 37:30
  6. sparing Jerusalem from Assyria, Isa. 38:7
  7. Hezekiah's healing, Isa. 38:22
  8. false signs, Isa. 44:25
  9. agricultural blessings, Isa. 55:13
  10. missionaries to the nations, Isa. 66:19
▣
NASB  "a token"
NKJV, Peshitta  "a wonder"
NRSV, REB, NJB, JPSOA, LXX  "portent"

The term "wonder," "sign," "portent" (BDB 68) is synonymous with "sign," "mark" (BDB 16). It is used often in Exodus and Deuteronomy, but only twice in Isaiah (i.e., Isa. 8:18 and 20:3).

BDB has two main usages.

  1. a special demonstration of God's power
  2. a token of future events or symbolic acts denoting future events (cf. Zech. 3:8).

SPECIAL TOPIC: SIGN (OT)

20:4 This verse describes exile.

  1. young and old taken (idiom for the entire population)
  2. naked (BDB 736, idiom for shame, still had a tight-fitting undergarment)
  3. barefoot (BDB 405, idiom for mourning)
  4. buttocks uncovered (BDB 1059, only here and 2 Sam. 10:4, idiom of shame)
  5. shame/nakedness (BDB 788, see Assyrian wall pictures)

This verse makes it very clear that Isaiah shocked his culture by going partially nude/naked for three years to illustrate a theological truth/prophecy. Nakedness was part of the cursing of Deuteronomy (cf. Isa. 28:48), which reflected exile.

20:5 Because of Cush/Egypt's trust in themselves (i.e., army, wisdom, wealth, religion) they will be

  1. dismayed, BDB 369, KB 365, Qal PERFECT with waw, cf. Isa. 7:8; 8:9 (thrice); 9:4; 20:5; 30:31; 31:4,9; 37:27; 51:6,7
  2. ashamed, BDB 101, KB 116, Qal PERFECT with waw, cf. Isa. 1:29; 19:9; 20:5; 24:23; 26:11; 29:22; 30:5; 37:27; 41:11; 44:9,11 (twice); Isa. 45:16,17,24; 49:23; 50:7; 54:4; 65:13; 66:5

Obviously these two terms are a major part of Isaiah's message, both negatively and positively! Judah will suffer in the same way because she hoped in allies, not in YHWH.

20:6 This verse links Ashdod (Isa. 20:1) with all the inhabitants of the coastal plain of Palestine. Apparently the Egyptians had promised military aid if Assyria invaded, but they could/did not (cf. Isa. 30:7; 31:3). There was no one to deliver (cf. Isa. 10:3).

Surely, this chapter bolstered Isaiah's message to Hezekiah not to make an alliance with Egypt (cf. Isa. 30:1-5; 31:1-3).

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