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ISAIAH 66

PARAGRAPH DIVISIONS OF MODERN TRANSLATIONS

READING CYCLE THREE (see "Bible Interpretation Seminar")

FOLLOWING THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR'S INTENT AT PARAGRAPH LEVEL

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

Read the chapter in one sitting. Identify the subjects (reading cycle #3). Compare your subject divisions with the five translations above. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author's intent, which is the heart of interpretation. Every paragraph has one and only one subject.

WORD AND PHRASE STUDY

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 66:1-2
¹Thus says the Lord,
"Heaven is My throne and the earth is My footstool.
Where then is a house you could build for Me?
And where is a place that I may rest?
²For My hand made all these things,
Thus all these things came into being," declares the Lord.
"But to this one I will look,
To him who is humble and contrite of spirit,
and who trembles at My word.

66:1 "Heaven is My throne and the earth is My footstool.

 Where then is a house you could build for Me?

 And where is a place that I may rest?"

This is an obvious allusion to the dedicatory prayer of Solomon in 1 Kgs. 8:27 and is again alluded to in Acts 7:47-50.

What is difficult to know is to what historical period this relates. Some see it relating to the return from the exile and the rebuilding of the temple, which is possible from the larger context. However, others say that God does not live in manmade buildings and that this refers to

1. the temple of the human body which God has made
2. the family of God, the faith seed of Abraham (Jews and Gentiles of faith, cf. Rom. 2:28-29)
3. the cosmic temple of Genesis 1 where Elohim may "rest" (cf. Gen. 2:2), see John H. Walton, The Lost World of Genesis One: An Ancient Cosmology

SPECIAL TOPIC: THE HEAVENS AND THE THIRD HEAVEN

▣ "My footstool" (BDB 919) This imagery has three orientations.

1. earth is YHWH's footstool (i.e. He is the Creator and King, cf. Isa. 66:1)
2. the Ark of the Covenant is YHWH's footstool (the temple is where His presence resides, cf. 1 Chr. 28:2; Ps. 99:5; 132:7; Lam. 2:1)
   SPECIAL TOPIC: THE ARK OF THE COVENANT
3. YHWH's enemies and the enemies of His people will be His footstool (i.e. imagery of victory, cf. Ps. 110:1; Matt. 22:44; Mark 12:36; Luke 20:43; Acts 2:35; Heb. 1:13; 10:13

66:2 "For My hand made all these things" We learn from the NT that God's agent in creation was no one other than the pre-Incarnate Jesus Christ (cf. John 1:3; 1 Cor. 8:6; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:2).

SPECIAL TOPIC: HAND

The MT has the "to be" VERB (BDB 224, KB 243, Qal PERFECT with waw). The UBS Text Project, p. 168, gives this a "B" rating (some doubt).

The ancient versions understood it as affirming YHWH's ownership because He was their creator.

▣  "But to this one I will look,

To him who is humble and contrite of spirit,

and who trembles at My word"

God looks first at the motives and character of the human heart. YHWH knows the thoughts and intents of the heart (cf. 1 Sam. 2:3; 16:7; 1 Kgs. 8:39; 1 Chr. 28:9; 2 Chr. 6:30; Ps. 7:9; 17:3; 26:2; 44:21; 139:1,23; Prov. 15:11; 16:2; 21:2; 24:12; Jer. 11:20; 17:9-10; 20:12; Luke 16:15; Acts 1:24; 15:8; Rom. 8:27). Jesus also knows the inner thoughts and motives of humans, see John 2:24-25; 6:61,64; 13:11!

This same description is used of David's contrition over the sin with Bathsheba (cf. Ps. 51:17); note Isa. 57:15; Ps. 34:18; Matt. 5:3-4; Luke 18:13-14.

This also has two descriptions of God's true people that are very beautiful and descriptive.

1. a humble people (BDB 776)
2. contrite people (BDB 646, cf. Isa. 57:15)
3. those who tremble at His word (BDB 353, cf. Isa. 66:5)

▣ "of spirit" See SPECIAL TOPIC: SPIRIT IN THE BIBLE.

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 66:3-6
³"But he who kills an ox is like one who slays a man;
He who sacrifices a lamb is like the one who breaks
a dog's neck;
He who offers a grain offering is like one who offers
swine's blood;
He who burns incense is like the one who blesses an idol.
As they have chosen their own ways,
And their soul delights in their abominations,
⁴So I will choose their punishments
And will bring on them what they dread.
Because I called, but no one answered;
I spoke, but they did not listen.
And they did evil in My sight
And chose that in which I did not delight."
⁵Hear the word of the Lord, you who tremble at His word:
"Your brothers who hate you, who exclude you,
for My name's sake,
Have said, 'Let the Lord be glorified, that we
may see your joy.'
But they will be put to shame.
⁶A voice of uproar from the city, a voice from the temple,
The voice of the Lord who is rendering recompense to
His enemies."

66:3-4 This shows that ritual alone is not satisfactory (cf. Isa. 29:13; Jeremiah 7), but combined with ritual must be a humble and repentant heart. That which we do over and over again tends to become common, but in the area of faith, our motive is the key (cf. Isa. 66:2).

66:3 "And their soul delights in their abominations" This refers to various pagan worship rites (cf. Isa. 65:4,7,11; see SPECIAL TOPIC: MAGIC and SPECIAL TOPIC: IDOLATRY). They loved and chose (BDB 103, KB 119, used three times in Isa. 66:3-4) sin (cf. Isa. 1:4; 57:17; 65:2; 66:18; Ps. 81:11-12)!

For "soul" see SPECIAL TOPIC: NEPHESH

For "abominations" see SPECIAL TOPIC: ABOMINATION (OT)

The word (BDB 760, KB 1768) is found only here and Isa. 3:4.

1. BDB suggests "wanton dealings"
2. KB suggests
   1. acts of mischief (done by a child from the root, עולל (BDB 760) for Isa. 3:4
   2. ill treatment, here
3. The NET Bible, p. 2286, #6, gets a meaning from עלל (BDB 760), "deal severely."

▣ "And will bring on them what they dread" Oh my! What a terrible curse from God (cf. Prov. 1:27; 10:24)!

▣ "Because I called, but no one answered" Here again is the repetition of the theme of no faith, no repentant response from YHWH's covenant people (cf. Isa. 41:28; 50:2; 65:12).

66:5 There is a distress and tension within the people of God (cf. Rom. 9:6-8). The persecution of the prophets by fellow Judeans is a good example of this (cf. Matt. 5:10-12; 10:22). Many horrible things have been done by "religious" people in God's name!

Notice how the true people of God should respond to persecution ‒ joy (BDB 970, cf. Isa. 51:11; 55:12; 61:7; note 66:10 which has several other words synonymous with joy. Jesus talks about God's joy often in John's Gospel (cf. John 3:29; 15:11; 16:24; 17:13).

1. be glad ‒ BDB 162
2. rejoice ‒ BDB 965 (twice)
3. also Qal IMPERATIVE of "joy" (BDB 970)

There are three commands in Isa. 66:5.

1. Hear the word of the Lord ‒ Qal IMPERATIVE, BDB 1033, KB 1570
2. Let the Lord be glorified ‒ Qal IMPERFECT, BDB 457, KB 455, used in a JUSSIVE sense (the LXX translates it as PASSIVE)
3. That we may see your joy ‒ Qal IMPERFECT, BDB 906, KB 157, used in a COHORTATIVE sense

66:6 There has been much discussion among commentators about how this verse relates to the context. Some say it is an unknown historical event, while others say it is related directly to Isa. 66:5, which shows the judgment of prideful, unbelieving Judeans (i.e. here called "enemies").

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 66:7-9
⁷"Before she travailed, she brought forth;
Before her pain came, she gave birth to a boy.
⁸Who has heard such a thing? Who has seen such things?
Can a land be born in one day?
Can a nation be brought forth all at once?
As soon as Zion travailed, she also brought forth her sons.
⁹Shall I bring to the point of birth and not give delivery?"
says the Lord.
"Or shall I who gives delivery shut the womb?"
says your God.

66:7-13 This context refers to Zion bringing forth a nation in one day which includes Gentiles. Some see this as the return from exile, but in this event no Gentiles were included. Therefore, it must be eschatological (i.e. NT).

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 66:10-17
¹⁰"Be joyful with Jerusalem and rejoice for her, all you
who love her;
Be exceedingly glad with her, all you who mourn over her,
¹¹That you may nurse and be satisfied with her comforting,
breasts,
That you may suck and be delighted with her bountiful
bosom."
¹²For thus says the Lord, "Behold, I extend peace to her
like a river,
And the glory of the nations like an overflowing stream;
And you will be nursed, you will be carried on the hip
and fondled on the knees.
¹³As one whom his mother comforts, so I will comfort you;
And you will be comforted in Jerusalem."
¹⁴Then you will see this, and your heart will be glad,
And your bones will flourish like the new grass;
And the hand of the Lord will be made known to
His servants,
But He will be indignant toward His enemies.
¹⁵For behold, the Lord will come in fire
And His chariots like the whirlwind,
To render His anger with fury,
And His rebuke with flames of fire.
¹⁶For the Lord will execute judgment by fire
And by His sword on all flesh,
And those slain by the Lord will be many.
¹⁷Those who sanctify and purify themselves to go
to the gardens,
Following one in the center,
Who eat swine's flesh, detestable things and mice,
Will come to an end altogether," declares the Lord.

66:10 As a result of what YHWH has done in restoring His people to their Promised Land (i.e. Gen. 12:1; 15:16), the commands are

1. be joyful ‒ Qal IMPERATIVE, BDB 970, KB 1333
2. rejoice ‒ Qal IMPERATIVE, BDB 162, KB 189
3. be exceedingly glad ‒ the Qal IMPERATIVE and the NOUN, BDB 965, KB 965

66:11-12 Nursing imagery is used of YHWH's mercy. Please listen to my audio sermon, "The Femininity of God" (second green box on my homepage, www.freebiblecommentary.org, #111).

66:12 The parental imagery of God's love for His people is so powerful in this verse. YHWH is described in feminine imagery (cf. Isa. 49:15; 66:9-13).

The fact that God would use "a nursing woman" to describe Himself says volumes.

SPECIAL TOPIC: WOMEN IN THE BIBLE

SPECIAL TOPIC: WOMEN IN MINISTRY

SPECIAL TOPIC: WOMEN MINISTERS

66:13 The word "comforts" (BDB 636, KB 688) is used three times in this verse.

1. Piel IMPERFECT (twice)
2. same as #1
3. Pual IMPERFECT

This reminds one of Isa. 40:1 (Piel IMPERATIVE, twice); also note Isa. 12:1; 53:3 (twice),12,19; 52:9; 61:2 (57:18, BDB 637). This is a major theme of Isaiah 40-66. YHWH has acted to forgive, forget, and restore those who trust Him and tremble at His word (Isa. 66:2,5)!

SPECIAL TOPIC: COMFORT

66:15-16 Notice the different images used to describe YHWH's judgment.

1. fire (BDB 77; see SPECIAL TOPIC: FIRE)
2. whirlwind (BDB 693 I, cf. Isa. 5:28; Jer. 4:13)
3. His anger (BDB 60 I) with fury (BDB 404, cf. Isa. 42:25; 51:20; 63:3,6)
4. His rebuke with flames of fire, cf. Isa. 29:6; 30:30
5. judgment by fire
6. His sword on all flesh, cf. Isa. 65:12

66:16 "those slain by the Lord will be many" This shows that judgment will begin with the household of God. We need to remember that there are many within the covenant community and, God help us, within the Church, who do not really know the Messiah.

SPECIAL TOPIC: KNOW

66:17 "to the gardens" This is a reference to a place of pagan worship (cf. Isa. 65:3).

▣ "Following one in the center" The word translated "center" (BDB 1063) is also used of the "tree of life" in Gen. 3:3. The Septuagint sees Isa. 65:22 as also referring to the tree of life. Here this may refer to the Asherah poles or carved stake of Canaanite fertility worship.

SPECIAL TOPIC: FERTILITY WORSHIP OF THE ANE

▣ "Who eat. . ."

1. swine's flesh, cf. Isa. 65:4
2. detestable things (BDB 1054, cf. Lev. 11:10,11,12,13,20,23,41,42)
3. mice (BDB 747, cf. Lev. 11:29)

I think the food laws of Leviticus 11 are not hygienic but cultic. They were meant to keep Israel from any social or religious contact with Canaanites.

SPECIAL TOPIC: FOOD LAWS (OT)

NASB (UPDATED) TEXT: ISAIAH 66:18-24
¹⁸"For I know their works and their thoughts; the time is coming to gather all nations and tongues. And they shall come and see My glory. ¹⁹I will set a sign among them and will send survivors from them to the nations: Tarshish, Put, Lud, Meshech, Tubal and Javan, to the distant coastlands that have neither heard My fame nor seen My glory. And they will declare My glory among the nations. ²⁰Then they shall bring all your brethren from all the nations as a grain offering to the Lord, on horses, in chariots, in litters, on mules and on camels, to My holy mountain Jerusalem," says the Lord, "just as the sons of Israel bring their grain offering in a clean vessel to the house of the Lord. ²¹I will also take some of them for priests and for Levites," says the Lord.
²²"For just as the new heavens and the new earth
Which I make will endure before Me," declares the Lord,
"So your offspring and your name will endure.
²³And it shall be from new moon to new moon
And from sabbath to sabbath,
All mankind will come to bow down before Me,"
says the Lord.
²⁴"Then they will go forth and look
On the corpses of the men
Who have transgressed against Me.
For their worm will not die
And their fire will not be quenched;
And they will be an abhorrence to all mankind."

66:18-21 "the time is coming to gather all nations and tongues" The word "time" has been added by Eben Ezra in his translation of the Masoretic Text. There is some confusion as to the exact setting of this verse. The VERB "know" is also not in the Hebrew text.

This is a reference somehow to the gathering of the nations. They seem to come for hostile purposes against the people of God (i.e. "survivors"). But, in God's defeat of them (cf. Isa. 66:24b) some come to believe in Him. Then God sends them as a sign, Isa. 66:19 (cf. Isa. 11:10,12), to their own nations as evangelists. And, wonder of wonders - the heathen respond to the message and come back to God at Jerusalem to worship and He even makes some of them into priests and Levites (cf. Isa. 61:6; 66:21).

This section, Isa. 66:19-24, is absolutely shocking in its universal thrust. This has caused great consternation and uncertainty among the rabbis, but in context, it is obviously the fulfillment of the Abrahamic promise of Gen. 3:15; 12:1-3.

SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN

66:18 "For I know their words and their thoughts" God knows the hearts of all humans. See full note at Isa. 1:2. YHWH knows the thoughts and intentions of the heart (cf. 1 Sam. 2:3; 16:7; 1 Kgs. 8:39; 1 Chr. 28:9; 2 Chr. 6:30; Ps. 7:9; 17:3; 26:2; 44:21; 139:1,23; Prov. 15:11; 16:2; 21:2; 24:12; Isa. 66:18; Jer. 11:20; 17:9-10; 20:12; Luke 16:15; Acts 1:24; 15:8; Rom. 8:27). Jesus also knows the inner thoughts and motives of humans, cf. John 2:24-25; 6:61,64; 13:11!

66:19 "sign" See SPECIAL TOPIC: SIGN

▣ "Tarshish" See SPECIAL TOPIC: TARSHISH.

▣ "Put" The MT has Pul (BDB 806, Peshitta, JPSOA, REB, NET), which refers to a place in Babylon, but many modern translations (i.e. RSV, NEB) have "Put," which refers to Libya. The LXX has Phud, which also refers to Libya.

▣ "Lud" The location of this ethnic group is uncertain.

1. Gen. 10:13; 1 Chr. 1:11; Jer. 46:9 relate them to Egypt
2. Gen. 10:22; 1 Chr. 1:17 relate them to Shem, making them Semites
3. Ezek. 27:10 relates them to North Africa (related to Libya)
4. Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 1:144, relates them to Asia Minor (Jewish Study Bible, p. 916); related to Libya

▣ "Meshech, Rosh, Tubal" First "Meshech" is from the LXX. The MT has "those who draw the bow." The UBS Text Project gives the LXX a "C" rating.

All of these names occur in Ezekiel 38 and refer to people groups in Asia Minor (i.e. Turkey).

▣ "Javan" This refers to Greece.

66:20 This is one of several texts that speak of the Gentile nations bringing gifts and offerings (cf. Isa. 43:6; 49:22; 60:4; Micah 4:1-2) to Jerusalem/temple (cf. Isa. 2:2-3; 11:9; 56:7; 65:11,25; Ps. 22:27; 86:9; Jer. 3:17). This verse refers to part of the offering of the nations will be the Israelite and Judean returnees!.

66:22 For "the new heavens and the new earth," see full note at Isa. 65:17.

The VERB "endure" (BDB 763, KB 840) is used twice.

1. the new heavens and earth will endure ‒ Qal IMPERFECT (see full note at Isa. 62:2; also note Rev. 21-22)
2. the seed of the faithful will endure ‒ Qal PERFECT with waw

This word, though used often in this section of Isaiah (cf. Isa. 44:11; 46:7; 47:12,13; 48:13; 50:8; 59:14; 61:5), is translated "endure" only in Isa. 66:22. It usually means "to stand."

66:23 "All mankind will come to bow down before Me," says the Lord" The VERB (BDB 1005, KB 295) is a rare Hishtapael (found only here). This is the obvious implication of monotheism. For a full list of the universal emphasis in Isaiah see 45:22.

SPECIAL TOPIC: MONOTHEISM

SPECIAL TOPIC: YHWH'S ETERNAL REDEMPTIVE PLAN

66:24 This is the description of the fate of the unfaithful of both covenant people and Gentiles. I do not think one can build a theology of end-time punishment based on this verse. This is the possible source of Jesus' use of the word Gehenna, which is a contraction of the phrase, "the valley of the sons of Hinnon," which was the place Judeans worshiped Molech and was made into a garbage dump of Jerusalem. Jesus used this term to describe eternal separation from God. Notice the elements of the worm that does not die and the fire that is not quenched. This is the imagery chosen by Jesus Himself to describe the fate of those who refuse to believe in Him (cf. Matt. 25:46).

I personally am becoming more and more convinced of the theological opinion related to eternal punishment called "limited immortality." Please see the following references.

1. my SPECIAL TOPIC: ETERNAL PUNISHMENT
2. the YouTube video by Edward fudge, "The Fire That Consumes"
3. the YouTube video by Steve Gregg, "Hell, Three Christian Views"

SPECIAL TOPIC: MOLECH

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

This is a study guide commentary, which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. Each of us must walk in the light we have. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. You must not relinquish this to a commentator.

These discussion questions are provided to help you think through the major issues of this section of the book. They are meant to be thought-provoking, not definitive.

1. What is the central theme of Isaiah 65-66?
2. List the pagan worship rites of Isa. 65.
3. To whom Isa. 65:1 and 2 refer and why?
4. What is so unique about Isaiah 65 which is particularly seen in Isa. 66:10 and 11?
5. Why does God create a new heaven and a new earth?
6. What is the significance of Isa. 66:19-23?

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