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INTRODUCTION TO REVELATION
(Partial Preterist/Idealist)

OPENING STATEMENTS

1. Most of my adult academic/theological life I have had the presupposition that those who believe the Bible take it "literally" (and that is surely true for the genre of historical narrative; see Special Topic: Historical Narrative). However, it has become more and more obvious to me that to take prophecy, poetry, parables, and apocalyptic literature literally is to miss the point of the inspired text. The author's intent, not literalness, is the key to a proper understanding of the Bible. To make the Bible say more (doctrinal specificity) is as dangerous and misleading as to interpret it in such a way as to make it say less than was intended by the original, inspired writer, who is the only inspired person in Bible study (see Special Topic: Inspiration).
   The focus must be
   1. the larger literary context
   2. the historical setting
   3. the intention the original author expressed in the text itself
   4. in his choice of genre; genre is a literary contract between the author and the reader
       To miss these clues is surely to lead to misinterpretation (see Gordon Fee and Douglas Stuart, How To Read the Bible for All Its Worth)!
       The book of Revelation is surely true, but not historical narrative, not meant to be taken literally. The genre itself is screaming this point to us if we will only hear it. This does not mean that it is not inspired, or not true; it is just figurative, cryptic, symbolic, metaphorical, and imaginative. The first century Jews and Christians were familiar with this type of literature, but modern Bible readers are not (see D. Brent Sandy, Plowshares and Pruning Hooks: Rethinking the Language of Biblical Prophecy and Apocalyptic)! The Christian symbolism in Pilgrim's Progress, The Lord of the Rings, or the Chronicles of Narnia might possibly be modern parallels.
   
   
2. Revelation is a uniquely Jewish literary genre called "apocalyptic" (see Special Topic: Apocalyptic Literature). It was often used in tension-filled times (i.e., Israel dominated by Gentile powers) to express the conviction that God was in control of history and would bring deliverance to His people in light of His Covenant Promises. This type of literature is characterized by
   1. a strong sense of the universal sovereignty of Israel's God (monotheism; see Special Topic: Monotheism)
   2. a struggle between good and evil, this evil age and the age of righteousness to come (see Special Topic: This Age and the Age to Come)
   3. use of secret code words (usually from the OT or intertestamental Jewish apocalypti literature; i.e., "falling stars" as angels)
   4. use of colors, animals, sometimes animals/humans
   5. use of symbolic numbers (i.e. 4, 6, 7, 10, 12; see Special Topic: Symbolic Numbers in Scripture)
   6. use of angelic mediation by means of visions and dreams, but usually through the angelic interpretation of them
   7. primarily focuses on the soon-coming, climatic events of the end-time (new age)
   8. use of a fixed set of symbols, not reality, to communicate the end-time message from God
   9. Some examples of this type of genre are:
      1. Old Testament
          (1) Isaiah 13-14; 24-27; 56-66
          (2) Ezekiel 1; 8; 10; 26-28; 33-48
          (3) Daniel 2; 7-12
          (4) Joel 2:28-3:21
          (5) Zechariah 1-6, 12-14
      2. New Testament
          (1) Matthew 24, Mark 13, Luke 21, and 1 Corinthians 15 (in some ways)
          (2) 2 Thessalonians 2 (in most ways)
          (3) Revelation (chapters 1; 4-22)
      3. Daniel 2-12 and Revelation 4-22 are the classic examples of this genre in the Bible
   10. non-canonical (taken from D. S. Russell, The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic, pp. 37-38)
       1. I Enoch, II Enoch (the Secrets of Enoch)
       2. The Book of Jubilees
       3. The Sibylline Oracles III, IV, V
       4. The Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
       5. The Psalms of Solomon
       6. The Assumption of Moses
       7. The Martyrdom of Isaiah
       8. The Apocalypse of Moses (Life of Adam and Eve)
       9. The Apocalypse of Abraham
       10. The Testament of Abraham
       11. II Esdras (IV Esdras)
       12. III Baruch
   11. There is a sense of duality in this genre. It sees reality as a series of dualisms, contrasts, or tensions (so common in John's writings and the Dead Sea Scrolls) between:
       1. heaven ‒ earth
       2. evil age (evil humans and evil angels) ‒ new age of righteousness (godly humans and godly angels)
       3. current existence ‒ future existence
          

           All of these are moving toward a consummation brought about by God. This is not the world God intended it to be, but He is continuing to plan, work, and project His will for a restoration of the intimate fellowship begun in the Garden of Eden (cf. Gen. 1:26,27; 3:8). The Christ event is the watershed of God's plan, but the two comings have brought about the "the already but not yet" tension!
          Special Topic: Eastern Literature (biblical paradoxes)
          Special Topic: YHWH's Eternal Redemptive Plan

3. These apocalyptic works were never presented orally; they were always written (i.e., read aloud). They are highly structured, literary works. The structure is crucial to a proper interpretation. A major part of the planned structure of the book of Revelation is seven literary units, which parallel each other to some extent (e.g., the seven seals, seven trumpets, and seven bowls).
   1. With each cycle the judgment increases:
      1. seals, 1/4 destruction
      2. trumpets, 1/3 destruction
      3. bowls, total destruction
   2. Towards the end of each literary unit some eschatological event occurs:
      1. sixth seal, Rev. 6:12-17
      2. seventh trumpet, Rev. 11:15-18; an end-time angel judgment in Rev. 14:14-20
      3. seventh bowl, Rev. 16:17-21
      4. again in Rev. 19:11-21
      5. still again in Rev. 22:6-16
   3. It is very significant that there is a three-fold title for God in Rev. 1:4,8 and Christ in Rev. 1:17,18, "who is, who was, and who is to come." However, notice the future aspect is left out in Rev. 11:17 and Rev. 16:5, which means the future has come, either the Second Coming or a temporal "coming" in judgment.
   
   
4. The book is not chronologically sequential, but a drama in several acts which foresees the same period of time in progressively violent OT judgment motifs.
   1. James Blevins, Revelation as Drama and "The Genre of Revelation" in Review and Expositor, Sept. 1980, pp. 393-408).
       There are seven literary sections plus a prologue and an epilogue
      1. prologue, Rev. 1:1-8
      2. Rev. 1:9-3:22 (Christ and the seven churches)
      3. Rev. 4:1-8:11 (heaven and the seven seals [Rev. 2:1-17 interlude between 6th and 7th seals])
      4. Rev. 8:2-9:11 (seven angels with trumpets [Rev. 10:1-11:13 interlude between 6th and 7th trumpets])
      5. Revelation 12-14 (the two communities and their leaders)
      6. Revelation 15-16 (seven angels with bowls)
      7. Revelation 17-19 (Babylon and its judgment)
      8. Revelation 20-22:5 (judgment and the new heaven and earth)
      9. epilogue, Rev. 22:6-21
   2. Another author who believed in "the recapitulation theory" is William Hendriksen. In his book, More Than Conquerors, he outlines the book this way:
      1. Revelation 1-3 (Christ in the midst of the Seven Lampstands)
      2. Revelation 4-7 (The Book with Seven Seals)
      3. Revelation 8-11 (the Seven Trumpets of Judgment)
      4. Revelation 12-14 (the woman and the man-child persecuted by the Dragon and His Helpers [the Beast and the Harlot])
      5. Revelation 15-16 (the Seven Bowls of Wrath)
      6. Revelation 17-19 (the fall of the Great Harlot and of the Beasts)
      7. Revelation 20-22 (the judgment upon the Dragon (Satan) followed by the New Heaven and Earth, New Jerusalem), p. 28
          In More Than Conquerors, William Hendriksen says that Revelation has seven sections: Rev. 1-3; 4-7; 8-11; 12-14; 15-16; 17-19; 20-22 and that each of these is parallel and covers the period between Christ's first coming and His second coming. Each ends with some aspect related to judgment and/or the Second Coming (pp. 22-31).
          Although I surely agree in the dramatic parallelism of the seals, trumpets, and bowls and I also am very attracted to Rev. 17-19 being parallel to Rev. 20-22 (there is the coming in Rev. 19:11-21 and another coming in Rev. 22:6-15; note especially v. 15; evil is not yet removed, i.e., Rev. 19:14-15), I cannot see where each of his seven sections ends in the Parousia, especially chapters 1-3, unless temporal judgment is an eschatological event (cf. Rev. 2:5,7,11,16-17,25-26; 3:5,10,12,18-21). However, for me, this seven-fold recapitulation is becoming more and more my understanding of the parallel structure of the whole book.
   3. This supposed literary model of "recapitulation" (i.e., not chronological sequence) is clearly seen in the book of Daniel. See my included exegetical notes from Daniel 8, "Contextual Insights."

      PREDICTED SEQUENCE OF WORLD EMPIRES

      	Dan. 2	Dan. 7	Dan. 8	Dan. 9	Dan. 11
      a. Neo-Babylon  Nebuchadnezzar  Dan. 2:38	gold	winged lion
      b. Medo-Persia  Cyrus II  Dan. 8:20	silver	bear	ram, 2 horns
      c. Greece  Alexander the  Great  Dan. 8:21	bronze	winged leopard	goat, 1 horn into 4; little horn Dan. 8:9-14,23-26 Antiochus IV	Maccabean 9:24-25 Antiochus IV	Conflict between Egypt & Syria 11:1-45 Antiochus IV 11:36-39
      d. Rome of Jesus'  day  Dan. 2:40-43	iron/clay	fierce beast		The prince of the people 9:26-27 Titus
      e. Messiah  Dan. 2:35, 44-45	stone	Son of Man Dan. 7:9,10,13-14, 18,22,27		The Messiah, the Prince 9:24-25

      
       Steve Gregg, Revelation: Four Views, Revised and Updated, pp. 35-36, has a good list of the out of sequence or repeated visions in the book of Revelation.
       You can hear my four audio tapes on the recapitulation model for understanding Revelation. Click on "Worldwide Voices" (yellow box) on my homepage, then my name, and A. #3.
      
   4. The arrogance, greed, and lust for power and control characterizes fallen world leaders. The book of Daniel focuses on two types of leaders.
      1. Fallen world leaders, epitomized by the "little horns" of
          (1) the third kingdom (Greece, esp. Antiochus Epiphanes IV of the Seleucid Empire (i.e., Syria)
          (2) the fourth kingdom, either Nero, Domitian, or the end-time "Man of Lawlessness" (2 Thess. 2)
      2. God's Messiah who will set up an eternal, righteous Kingdom (Dan. 2:35,44-45; 7:9,10,13-14,18,22,27)
   5. As in his first vision, Daniel was compelled to focus on the fourth kingdom; two years later (compare Dan. 7:1 with 8:1) God further revealed information about the second and third kingdoms in another vision.
       The little horn of the third kingdom is focused on, because it (he) will impact the lives and worship of Israel more than any other previous one.
       The little horn of the fourth kingdom will also impact God's people in the far future.
      1. Nero or Domitian of the first century
      2. end time "Man of Lawlessness" of 2 Thess. 2
      3. end time "Beast from the Sea," Rev. 13
   
   
5. It is obvious that the number "seven" plays a large part in this highly structured apocalyptic book, as can be seen from the seven churches, seven seals, seven trumpets, and seven bowls. Some other examples of "seven" are:
   1. 7 blessings, Rev. 1:3; 14:13; 16:15; 19:9; 20:6; 22:7,14
   2. 7 doxologies, Rev. 1:6; 4:9,11; 5:12,13; 7:12; 19:1
   3. 7 lampstands, Rev. 1:12
   4. 7 spirits of God, Rev. 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6
   5. 7 stars, Rev. 1:16,20; 2:1
   6. 7 lamps of fire, Rev. 4:5
   7. 7 seals on the scroll, Rev. 5:1
   8. 7 horns, 7 eyes of the lamb, Rev. 5:6
   9. 7 attributes of Jesus praised, Rev. 5:12
   10. 7 signs in nature, Rev. 6:12-14
   11. 7 types of men, Rev. 6:15
   12. 7 attributes of God praised, Rev. 7:12
   13. 7 angels before God, Rev. 8:2,6
   14. 7 trumpets held by the seven angels, Rev. 8:6 (Rev. 15:1,6,7,8; 17:1; 21:9)
   15. 7 signs, Rev. 12:1,3; 13:13,14; 15:1; 16:14; 19:20
   16. 7 heads, 7 diadems of the red dragon, Rev. 12:3
   17. 7 heads of the sea beast, Rev. 13:1; 17:3,7
   18. 7 angels, Rev. 14:6-20
   19. 7 plagues, Rev. 15:1; 21:9
   20. 7 hills, Rev. 17:9
   21. 7 kings Rev. 17:10
   22. 7 things that are no more in chapters 21-22 (Rev. 21:1,4 [four times]; Rev. 21:25; 22:3)
   
   
6. The interpretation of this book is most susceptible to theological bias. One's presuppositions drive the interpretation of the ambiguous details (see Special Topic: Second Coming). These theological presuppositions function on several levels
   1. the origin of the symbols
      1. Old Testament allusions
          (1) the OT themes like creation, the fall, the flood, the exodus, and restored Jerusalem
          (2) hundreds of allusions (not direct quotes) from the OT
      2. intertestamental Jewish literature (I Enoch, II Baruch, Sibylline Oracles, II Esdras)
      3. first century Greco-Roman world (i.e., Rome as Babylon)
      4. ancient Near Eastern cosmological-creation accounts (especially Rev. 12; the zodiac, v. 1; the Great Red Dragon, v. 3)
   2. the time frame of the book
      1. first century (Preterist)
      2. every century (Idealist)
      3. last generation (Futurist, i.e., Dispensationalists)
   3. the systematic theological grids (for a good summary, see Four Views on the Book of Revelation, ed. C. Marvin Pate and Revelation: Four Views, by Steve Gregg)
      1. preterist
      2. historicist
      3. futurist
      4. idealist
   4. the theological positions on chapter 20 (for helpful summaries, see The Meaning of the Millennium: Four Views, ed. Robert G. Clouse; Three Views of the Millennium and Beyond, ed. Darrell L. Bock; and Revelation, Four Views, by Steve Gregg)
      1. á millennial
      2. post millennial
      3. historical pre-millennial
      4. dispensational pre-millennial
         In light of hermeneutical divergence (the different approaches to interpretation) and the all too common inappropriate dogmatism, how should an interpreter proceed?
         (1)  Let us admit that modern western Christians
         
         (a)

         do not understand the genre

         (b)

         do not recognize the historical allusions that first century Christians would have immediately understood.
         (2)
         Let us admit that every generation of Christians has forced the Revelation into its personal historical setting and all have been wrong so far.
         (3)
         Let us read the Bible before we read the theological systems (see Special Topic: Second Coming).
         Look for the literary context of each vision/oracle and state the central truth in one declarative sentence.
         The central truth will be the same for every generation of believers while the specificity of the details may be relevant for only the first and/or last generation of believers. The details may be relevant, but only history, not systematic theology, will reveal their fulfillment.
         (4)
         Let us remember that this book is primarily a word of comfort and encouragement to faithfulness amidst the persecution of believers by Jews and Romans.
         (5)
         This book is not meant to answer the curiosity of every generation of believers, nor outline a detailed plan of end-time events.
         (6)
         It is safe to affirm that fallen human society is on a collision course with the Kingdom of God (see Special Topic: Kingdom of God). It will appear at first that the world has won (like Calvary), but wait; God is sovereign, He is in control of history, of life and death. His people are victorious in Him (Dan. 2:20-23,44-45; 7:9-14; John 16:33; 1 John 2:13,14; 4:4; 5:4-5)!
   
   
7. Despite the difficulty and ambiguity of interpretation, this book has an important message and is an inspired word from God (see "Canonicity") to His people in
   1. first century (Preterists)
   2. western history (Historists)
   3. end-time (Futurists)
   4. every age (Idealists)
       It is worth the extra effort necessary to study this unique book. Its strategic position in the NT canon speaks of its capstone message. Alan Johnson, The Expositor's Bible Commentary, vol. 12, says
      

      "Indeed, it may well be that, with the exception of the Gospels, the Apocalypse contains the most profound and moving teaching on Christian doctrine and discipleship found anywhere in Holy Scripture. Neither the fanaticism of some who have fixed their attention on prophecy rather than on Christ, nor the diversity of interpretive view-points should discourage us from pursuing Christian truth in this marvelous book" (p. 399).

      Remember, these are truly the last words of Jesus to His church (cf. Rev.. 1:1-2)! The modern Church dares not ignore or minimize them! They are to prepare believers for persecution and conflict in light of God's sovereignty (monotheism; see Special Topic: Monotheism), the reality of the evil one (limited dualism; see Special Topic: Personal Evil), the ongoing results of the fall (human rebellion;see Special Topic: Fall of Mankind), and God's promises to redeem mankind (unconditional covenant, cf. Gen. 3:15; 12:1-3; Exod. 19:5-6; John 3:16; 2 Cor. 5:21).
      Special Topic: YHWH's Eternal Redemptive Plan
      Special Topic: Covenant

AUTHOR

1. Internal evidence of John the Apostle's authorship
   1. Author named himself four times as John (cf. Rev. 1:1,4,9; 22:8)
   2. He also called himself
      1. a bond servant (cf. Rev. 1:1; 22:6)
      2. a brother and fellow-partaker in tribulation (cf. Rev. 1:9)
      3. a prophet (cf. Rev. 22:9), and called his book a prophecy (cf. Rev. 1:3; 22:7,10,18,19; see Special Topic: Prophecy [OT])
   3. He knows the OT (i.e., the wilderness wandering period, the tabernacle and contemporary synagogue procedures).
   
   
2. External evidence of John the Apostle's authorship from early Christian authors
   1. John the Apostle, son of Zebedee
      1. Justin Martyr (Rome A.D. 110-165) in Dialogue with Trypho 81.4
      2. Irenaeus (Lyons A.D. 130-202) in Against Heresies IV.14.2; 17.6; 21.3; V.16.1; 28.2; 30.3; 34.6; 35.2
      3. Tertullian (North Africa A.D. 155-220) in Against Praxeas 27
      4. Clement of Alexandria (A.D. 150-215)
      5. Origen (Alexandria A.D. 181-252) in
          (1) On the Soul, L:8:1
          (2) Against Marcion, II:5
          (3) Against Heretics, III:14, 25
          (4) Against Celsus, VI:6, 32; VIII:17
      6. The Muratorian Canon (Rome A.D. ±180-200)
   2. Other Candidates
      1. John Mark ‒ This was first mentioned by Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria (A.D. 247-264), who denied the authorship of John the Apostle but still held the work as canonical. He based his rejection on vocabulary and style as well as the anonymous nature of John's other writings. He convinced Eusebius of Caesarea.
      2. John the elder ‒ This comes from a quote in Eusebius from Papias (Eccl. His. 3.39.1-7). However, Papias' quote probably used this title for John the Apostle rather than its asserting another author.
      3. John the Baptist ‒ (with later editorial additions) has been suggested by J. Massyngberde Ford in the Anchor Bible Commentary, based primarily on John the Baptist's use of "lamb" for Jesus (i.e., John 1:29). The only other occurrence of this title is in Revelation (i.e., Rev. 5:6,8,12-13; 6:1).
   
   
3. Dionysius, the bishop of Alexandria (A.D. 247-264) and student of Origen, was the first to express doubts (his book has been lost, but he is quoted by Eusebius of Caesara, who agreed with him) about John the Apostle's authorship, based on
   1. John the Apostle does not refer to himself as John in the Gospel nor his letters, but Revelation is from "John"
   2. the structure of Revelation is different from the Gospel and the letters
   3. the vocabulary of Revelation is different from the Gospel and the letters
   4. the grammatical style of Revelation is of inferior quality to the Gospel and the letters
       Dionysius thought the author was "the elder John," mentioned by Papias (A.D. 60-130). But it must also be asked, "was the title "Presbyter" equal to "Elder"?
   
   
4. Probably the most serious modern challenge to John the Apostle's authorship comes from R. H. Charles in Saint John, Vol. I p. xxxixff.
   
   
5. The majority of modern scholarship has rejected the traditional authorship of many of the NT books. A good example of this trend related to the authorship of Revelation might be Raymond E. Brown, a renowned Catholic Johannine scholar. The introductory volume of the Anchor Bible Commentary series says, "written by a Jewish Christian prophet named John who was neither John, son of Zebedee, nor the writer of the Johannine Gospel or of the Epistles" (p. 774).
   
   
6. In many ways authorship is uncertain. There are striking parallels with the Apostle John's other writings and also striking differences. The key to understanding this book is not in its human author, but in its Divine author! The author believed himself to be an inspired prophet (cf. Rev. 1:3; 22:7,10,18,19).
    Remember, the discussion about authorship does not affect inspiration, but hermeneutics.
   Special Topic: Inspiration

DATE

1. This is certainly integrally linked to authorship and interpretive perspective.
   
   
2. Some possible dates
   1. The traditional date is during Domitian's reign (A.D. 81-96)
      1. Irenaeus, A.D. 130-202 (quoted by Eusebius) in Against Heresies, 5.30.3. "For what was seen not very long ago, almost in our generation, at the close of the reign of Domitian." In context the "for what" could refer to
          (1) the book of Revelation (i.e., the vision)
          (2) John himself
          (3) the period of persecution
         Most of the other early church witnesses may have based their opinions on Irenaeus' statements. However, his statement is somewhat ambiguous. For more evidence of the possible unreliability of Irenaeus' statement, see Kenneth Gentry, The Beast of Revelation and Before Jerusalem Fell, pp. 45-67
      2. Clement of Alexandria, A.D. 150-215
         Kenneth Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell, pp. 68-85, discusses Clement's statement about who "the tyrant" is
      3. Origin of Alexandria, A.D. 185-253
      4. Eusebius of Caesarea, A.D. 260-339, Church History, iii.23.1
      5. Victorinus, Apocalypse x.11
      6. Jerome
   2. Others supposed it to be during Nero's reign (A.D. 54-68) because of:
      1. the obvious background of Emperor cult persecution (not documented in Domitian's reign)
      2. It is possible that the temple in Jerusalem is still standing when John wrote Rev. 11:1-2.
      3. There is a list of Roman Emperors in Rev. 17:10. The sixth would be Nero, not Domitian. See Kenneth Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell, pp. 146-164
      4. Caesar Nero, written in Hebrew, equals the number of the beast, 666 (cf. Rev. 13:18)
      5. There is a comment in a fragment of the Muratorium Canon (±180-200) which seems to link John's early writing of Revelation to Paul's later letters, also to seven churches, "Apostle Paul himself, following the example of his predecessor John, writes by name to only seven churches."
      6. Tertullian (A.D. 155-220) mentions in a comment (On Exclusion of Heretics 36) which implies John's persecution was in Nero's reign. See Kenneth Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell, pp. 94-97.
      7. a brief comment about John's imprisonment on Patmos made by Clement of Alexandria (A.D. 150-215). He mentions "the tyrant," which because of John's usage must refer to Nero.
      8. There are possibly two quotes from other NT writers who died before A.D. 70 that might come from Revelation
          (1)  James 1:12 ‒ Rev. 2:10
          (2)  2 Peter 3:13 ‒ Rev. 21:1
      9. If preterists are correct that John's Revelation refers to the destruction of Jerusalem, then for the book to be prophecy, it must have been written before A.D. 70. This has become my current (2023) understanding. See Kenneth L. Gentry, Jr., Before Jerusalem Fell and John Bray, Matthew 24 Fulfilled.
      10. Epiphanius, A.D. 310-403, in Haer, 51.12, 32, says that John wrote it after his release from Patmos which was during Claudius' reign (A.D. 41-54).
   
   
3. I have become more and more convinced of an early date for the writing of Revelation because
   1. the imagery of Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 21, as well as Revelation, fit
      1. the reign of Nero
      2. the Jewish War (A.D. 66-70) which culminated in the siege and fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple (A.D. 69-70)
   2. the use of "immediate" time indications for both Jesus' teachings (i.e., "this generation") and John's prophecy
      Special Topic: Soon Return
   3. the inappropriate tension set up by a 2,000 year gap which totally would not have been expected or understood by the first century hearers/readers
   4. it allows a first century fulfillment option that makes sense of history (i.e., Partial Preterism). Western interpreters have been influenced too much by "Futurism" (i.e., every thing must be interpreted literally and if it has not happened, it must be future).
   
   
4. It must be admitted that
   1. the external evidence (quotes from early church fathers)
   2. internal evidence (hints in the book itself) are tentative. I have relied on two authors' research to clarify the dating issue
      1. Kenneth Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell
      2. Steve Gregg, Revelation, Four Views
   
   
5. My updating and revision of my commentary of Revelation has been exciting and painful.
   1. Personally I have changed my perspective about the time orientation of
      1. Jesus' Olivet Discourse (Matt. 24; Mark 13; Luke 21)
      2. Paul's discussion of "the man of lawlessness" (2 Thess. 2)
      3. John's Revelation
         I have been convinced that a Partial Preterism explains these passages better than a Futurism
   2. Several wonderful exegetical commentators I have long admired all see these texts differently (F. F. Bruce, George Ladd, Alan Johnson). What does one do in light of so many godly, prayerful, educated scholars' disagreements?
   3. In the area of eschatology it is best to be humble, teachable, and for sure, not dogmatic!
       The best advice I can give is, "Be active serving Jesus; Be spiritually ready to meet Him at any time!" With these two things in place, the time, manner, and details of His return are not crucial.
       If these eschatological texts say anything, they affirm
      1. God's character
      2. God's control of history
      3. God's provisions, both Jesus and the Spirit were sent by Him for believers' good
      4. He is with us! He is for Us! He will bring us to Himself!
      Yet, even with this in mind, He has still given us these texts for our information and peace. They are worth the time and effort to study!

RECIPIENTS

1. From Rev. 1:4 it is obvious that the original recipients were seven churches in the Roman Province of Asia (i.e., modern western Turkey). These churches are addressed in such a way as to imply the travel route of the bearer of the letter. John was very familiar with the churches of this area.
   
   
2. The message of Revelation uniquely relates to all churches and believers who are experiencing persecution from a fallen world system (Idealism).
   
   
3. As the canonical conclusion to the NT this book is a message of encouragement and hope to all believers of all ages experiencing persecution and rejection.

OCCASION

1. The historical setting was persecution caused by the separation of the Christian churches from the legal protection Rome accorded to Judaism. This division occurred officially about A.D. 90 when the rabbis from Jamnia instituted an oath formula which demanded the members of local synagogues to assert that Jesus of Nazareth was not the Messiah (i.e., "The Eighteen Benedictions," Minim section). The oath formula required of synagogue worshipers from Jamnia was preceded in A.D. 80 by Gamaliel II, who included a curse formula in a daily prayer (Shemone Esre). It specifically named "the Nazarene" and prayed for his demise (as well as His followers).
   
   
2. Roman documents of the first century A.D. indicate that Emperor worship became a major conflict with the church from the reigns of Nero (A.D. 54-68) to Domitian (A.D. 81-96). However, there is no documentation of an official empire-wide persecution. Apparently Revelation reflected the exuberance of local Emperor worship cults in the Eastern Provinces of the Roman Empire (cf. "Biblical Archaeology Review," May/June 1993 p. 29-37).

THE SYNTAX

1. There are many grammatical problems in the Greek text.
   
   
2. Some possible reasons for these problems
   1. John's Aramaic thought patterns.
   2. He had no scribe on Patmos to write for him.
   3. The excitement of the visions was overwhelming.
   4. They are purposeful for the effect.
   5. The genre (apocalyptic) was highly figurative.
   6. Revelation was written early in John's life while he was still learning Koine Greek, while the Gospel and the Letters were written toward the end of his life (A.D. ± 95,96).
   
   
3. Similar grammatical idiosyncrasies are found in other Jewish apocalyptic writings. Therefore, Revelation may not have been written in a poor grammatical style, but in a genre with grammatical distinctives.

CANONICITY

1. It was rejected early by the Eastern Church; the book does not appear in the Peshitta (fifth century Syriac version).
   
   
2. In the early fourth century Eusebius, following Dionysius of Alexandria in the late third century, said Revelation was not written by the Apostle John. He listed it as one of the "disputed" books but included it in his canonical list (cf. Ecclesiastical History, III.24.18; III.25.4; and III.39.6).
   
   
3. The Council of Laodicea (about A.D. 360) omitted it from the list of canonical books. Jerome (translator of the Latin Vulgate) rejected it as canonical, but the Council of Carthage (A.D. 397) included it. Revelation was admitted by means of a compromise between the eastern and western churches by which both Hebrews and Revelation were accepted into the NT canon. This compromise was mandated by the current Roman Emperor.
   
   
4. We should acknowledge that it is a faith presupposition of believers that the Holy Spirit guided the historical process of developing the Christian canon (i.e., the 27 books of the NT).
   SpecialTopic Canon (NT)
   
   
5. The first two major theologians of the Protestant Reformation rejected Revelation's place in Christian doctrine.
   1. Martin Luther called it neither prophetic or apostolic, in essence rejecting its inspiration.
   2. John Calvin, who wrote a commentary on every book of the NT except Revelation, in essence is rejecting its relevance.

HISTORICAL THEORIES OF INTERPRETATION

1. It has been notoriously difficult to interpret; therefore, dogmatism is inappropriate!
   
   
2. The symbols are drawn from
   1. Old Testament apocalyptic passages in
      1. Daniel
      2. Ezekiel
      3. Zechariah
      4. Isaiah
   2. the Psalms are alluded to more than any other OT book
   3. intertestamental Jewish apocalyptic literature (see Special Topic: Apocalyptic Literature)
   4. the first century Greco-Roman historical setting (especially Revelation 17)
   5. Ancient Near Eastern mythological creation accounts (especially Revelation 12; see Special Topic: The Red Dragon and Special Topic: Satan)
   
   
3. In general there are four interpretive grids or presuppositions
   1. PRETERIST ‒ this group sees the book as primarily or exclusively related to the first century churches in the Roman Province of Asia. All the details and prophecies were fulfilled in the first century (see John L Bray, Matthew 24 Fulfilled; Steve Gregg, Revelation: Four Views, Revised and Updated, pp. 60-64; Kenneth Gentry, Before Jerusalem Fell.
      Preterism has developed into two opinions.
      1. The Olivet Discourse and Revelation dealt with the Jewish War (A.D. 66-70) which resulted in the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple.
      2. The eschatological passages mentioned above relate to
          (1)  Vespatian's invasion of Galilee and his army's southern conquest (A.D. 66-68)
          (2)  the fall of Jersualem in A.D. 70
          (3)  the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5^th century, A.D. 476
   2. HISTORICIST ‒ this group sees the book as an overview of history, primarily of Western civilization and in some sense the Roman Catholic Church. Often the letters to the seven churches of chapters 2 and 3 are used as a description of certain periods of time. Some see these as temporally synchronous and others as chronologically sequential. See Steve Gregg, Revelation: Four Views, Revised and Updated, pp. 56-60,91-93.
   3. FUTURIST ‒ this group sees the book as referring to the events immediately preceding and following the Parousia (Second Coming of Christ) which will be literally and historically fulfilled (see Progressive Dispensationalism,by Craig A. Blaising and Darrell L Bock and Steve Gregg, Revelation: Four Views, Revised and Updated, pp 68-72).
   4. IDEALIST – this group sees the book as totally symbolic of the struggle between good and evil which has no historical references (see Ray Summers, Worthy Is the Lamb; William Hendriksen, More Than Conquerors).
      

       All of these have some validity, but they miss the intentional ambiguity of John's choice of genre and imagery. The problem is balance, not which one is correct.

PURPOSE OF THE BOOK

1. The purpose of Revelation is to show God's sovereignty in history and the promise of the culmination of all things in Him (i.e., Dan. 2:44; 7:14,22,27; 1 Cor. 15:24). The faithful are to remain in faith (see Special Topic: Perseverance) and hope (see Special Topic: Hope) amidst the persecution and aggression of this and every fallen world system. The focus of the book is the persecution and faithfulness (false teachers and cultural compromise) of believers in the first century and in every century (cf. Rev. 2:10). Remember, prophets spoke of the future in an effort to reform the present. Revelation is not only about how it will end, but how it is going. In his article in The Expositors Bible Commentary, Vol. I entitled, "The Eschatology of the Bible," Robert L. Sancy said,
   

    "the biblical prophets were not concerned primarily with the time and chronological arrangement of future events. For them the spiritual state of their contemporaries was the point of importance and the great eschatological visitation of God for the judgment of unrighteousness and the blessing of the pious was interjected for its ethical impact in the present" (p. 104).
   Special Topic: Prophecy (OT)

2. The general purpose is summed up well in the brief introduction to the TEV and NJB translations
   1. TEV, p. 1122, "The Revelation to John was written at a time when Christians were being persecuted because of their faith in Jesus Christ as Lord. The writer's main concern is to give his readers hope and encouragement, and to urge them to remain faithful during times of suffering and persecution."
   2. NJB, p. 1416, "The Bible is summed up in the message of hope and the rich symbolism of this book. It is a vision of rescue from the trials which beset God's people, and a promise of a glorious future. The message is expressed by means of imagery which draws on the whole of the Bible, so that every feature, animals, colors, numbers, is evocative and full of overtones to a reader familiar with the OT. In this way it is a secret and allusive revelation of what is to come, though the natural symbolism of the great acts of worship and the final vision of the messianic splendor of the new Holy City are clear enough. There was a tradition of such writing in Judaism from Daniel onwards, to strengthen God's people in persecution with assurance of eventual deliverance and triumph."
   
   
3. It is crucial that the interpreter give the redemptive theme priority.
   1. God has brought individual, corporate, and cosmic salvation through Christ.
   2. God's redemption is both spiritual and physical. The Church is saved, but not safe! One day She will be!
   3. God still loves fallen, rebellious, self-centered humanity. The wrath of God in the seals and trumpets is for the purpose of redemption of unbelievers (cf. Rev. 9:20-21; 14:6-7; 16:9,11; 21:6b-7; 22:17).
   4. God not only restores fallen mankind, but also fallen creation (cf. Rom. 8:18-25). Evil at every level will be purged (see Special Topic: Eternal Punishment)!
       The recurrent attempt by God to reach lost humanity with the gospel magnifies His gracious character (see Special Topic: Characteristics of Israel's God [OT]). The bowl judgments are the result of recalcitrant evil, not an unloving God. God only judges and isolates evil when it refuses again and again to repent. In many ways the book justifies the judgment of God on fallen, irreconcilable humanity! The book ends in a gospel invitation (cf. Rev. 22:17).
      Special Topic: Judgment in the NT
   
   
4. This book must not be seen as a chronological chart of the events, times, and manner of the Second Coming. It has often been interpreted as the "secret" to western history (the seven churches seen as ages, i.e., Historism). Every generation has forced its histories (i.e., the morning newspaper) into the apocalyptic symbols; every one has been wrong so far.
    The details of these prophecies could apply to
   1. the generation of Jesus' ministry who experienced the judgment (i.e., "Coming") of God to the temple and Jerusalem by means of the Roman army (Preterism)
   2. the last generation of believers suffering under the Anti-Christ, cf. 2 Thessalonians 2 (Futurism)
   3. Revelation speaks to the destruction of Jerusalem. A literal interpretation has caused this book to be
      1. ignored by some (Calvin)
      2. depreciated by others (Luther, "neither apostolic nor prophetic")
      3. overemphasized by others (millennialists)

BOB'S KEYS TO INTERPRETATION

1. We need to take into account the OT aspect
   1. OT apocalyptic genre is a highly symbolic literary type.
   2. Numerous allusions are drawn from the OT (some estimate that of 404 verses 275 include allusions to OT texts); the meaning of these symbols have been reinterpreted in light of the first-century Roman situation.
   3. Prophetic foreshadowing takes current events to foreshadow eschatological events. Possibly these first- century historical fulfillments point to ultimate end-time historical fulfillments (i.e., multiple fulfillment prophecy).
   
   
2. The overall structure of the book helps us to see the author's purpose
   1. The seals, trumpets, and bowls cover basically the same period of time (chapters 6-16). Revelation is a drama in parallel literary units, and is not chronologically sequential.
   2. It is possible that Revelation 17-19 are parallel to Revelation 20-22. Parts of chapter 19 (i.e., Rev. 19:11-21) are recapitulated in Rev. 20:7-10.
   3. See the possible seven literary units at Opening Statements, C.
   
   
3. The historical context must be taken into account in any interpretation of the book
   1. Jewish opposition and persecution
   2. The presence of Emperor worship (Nero)
   3. Local persecution in the Eastern Provinces (emperor cults)
   4. The Bible cannot mean what it never meant. The interpretation of Revelation must be related to John's day first (cf. Rev. 1:1-3; Preterism). It may have multiple fulfillments or applications, but they must be grounded in the first century. For me, more and more, I see it relate to
      1. Nero's reign
      2. Jewish rebellion of A.D. 66-70
      3. destruction of Jerusalem and the temple by Titus in A.D. 70
      4. possibly in some passages (Babylon = Rome) the destruction of the Roman Empire (A.D. 476)
   
   
4. The meaning of some of the cryptic terms has been lost to us due to our cultural, linguistic and existential setting. Be careful not to push all of the details of this apocalyptic drama. Modern interpreters must seek the major truth in each of these visions and/or literary units.
   
   
5. Let me summarize some of the key interpretive elements
   1. The historical origins of the symbolism
      1. OT themes, OT allusions
      2. Ancient Near Eastern mythology (Rev. 12)
      3. Intertestamental apocalyptic literature
      4. Greco-Roman first century setting (Rev. 17)
   2. The author's ways of defining his symbolism
      1. Conversations with angelic guides
      2. The hymn of heavenly choirs
      3. Author himself states the meaning
   3. The structure of the book (dramatic parallelism); see "Opening Statements," C.
   
   
6. Further help
   1. My two favorite commentators on Revelation are George Eldon Ladd and Alan F. Johnson. They do not agree. There is so much disagreement among godly, educated, sincere scholars that a word of caution is appropriate. Let me quote Alan Johnson in his Commentary on Revelation published by Zondervan:
      

       "In view of the elaborate use of imagery and visions from Rev. 4:1 through the end of Revelation and the question how this material relates to chapters 1-3, it is not surprising that commentators differ widely in their treatment of these chapters. One problem is that of interpretation: What do the imagery and visions mean? Another problem involves chronology: When do these things take place? Furthermore, does John interpret his frequent Old Testament images in exact accordance with their Old Testament sources, or does he freely reinterpret these images? What is symbolic and what is literal? Answers to such questions will determine the interpreter's approach. Since few of these questions are capable of dogmatic answers, there is a need for tolerance of divergent approaches in the hope that the Spirit may use open-minded discussion to lead us further into the meaning of the Apocalypse" (p. 69).

      
      
   2. For a general introduction to Revelation's relationship to the OT, I recommend John P. Milton's Prophecy Interpreted and John Bright's The Authority of the Old Testament. For a good discussion of Revelation's relationship to Paul, I recommend James S. Stewart's A Man In Christ.

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